{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1950651009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2003.1223331","title":"Knowledge discovery in support of early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma","display_name":"Knowledge discovery in support of early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1950651009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2003.1223331","mag":"1950651009"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2003.1223331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2003.1223331","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2003.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029204097","display_name":"Federica Ciocchetta","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"F. Ciocchetta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Informatics and Telemedicine Laboratory, ITC IRST, Trento, Italy","Med. Informatics & Telemedicine Lab, ITC-irst, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Informatics and Telemedicine Laboratory, ITC IRST, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Med. Informatics & Telemedicine Lab, ITC-irst, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010824643","display_name":"Rossana Dell\u2019Anna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7147-6127"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Dell'Anna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Informatics and Telemedicine Laboratory, ITC IRST, Trento, Italy","Med. Informatics & Telemedicine Lab, ITC-irst, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Informatics and Telemedicine Laboratory, ITC IRST, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Med. Informatics & Telemedicine Lab, ITC-irst, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070658179","display_name":"Francesca Demichelis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8266-8631"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Demichelis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Informatics and Telemedicine Laboratory, ITC IRST, Trento, Italy","Med. Informatics & Telemedicine Lab, ITC-irst, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Informatics and Telemedicine Laboratory, ITC IRST, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Med. Informatics & Telemedicine Lab, ITC-irst, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047395289","display_name":"Andrea Sboner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-3070"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Sboner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Informatics and Telemedicine Laboratory, ITC IRST, Trento, Italy","Med. Informatics & Telemedicine Lab, ITC-irst, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Informatics and Telemedicine Laboratory, ITC IRST, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Med. Informatics & Telemedicine Lab, ITC-irst, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077250338","display_name":"A.P. Dhillon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8254-4818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801138448","display_name":"The Royal Free Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ge67z96","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169248724","https://openalex.org/I2801138448"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.P. Dhillon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK","[Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801138448","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801138448","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110469312","display_name":"Arjun Dhillon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801138448","display_name":"The Royal Free Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ge67z96","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169248724","https://openalex.org/I2801138448"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arjun. Dhillon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK","[Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801138448","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801138448","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083400898","display_name":"Andrew Godfrey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801138448","display_name":"The Royal Free Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ge67z96","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169248724","https://openalex.org/I2801138448"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Godfrey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK","[Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801138448","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801138448","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103034055","display_name":"Alberto Quaglia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-3579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801138448","display_name":"The Royal Free Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ge67z96","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169248724","https://openalex.org/I2801138448"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Quaglia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK","[Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801138448","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Royal Free Hospital and University, London, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801138448","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029204097"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0822613,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"177","last_page":"181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9661999940872192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9661999940872192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9550999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9442999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7351816296577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.707421064376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.667462944984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6349808573722839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.5656048059463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5352925062179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rough-set","display_name":"Rough set","score":0.5206558108329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5171831846237183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatocellular-carcinoma","display_name":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","score":0.4952763617038727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47785112261772156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-extraction","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","score":0.4771130383014679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.413012832403183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4109361171722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.2763635218143463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.26386624574661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.0813131332397461}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7351816296577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.707421064376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.667462944984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6349808573722839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.5656048059463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5352925062179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111012933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3137210","display_name":"Rough set","level":2,"score":0.5206558108329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5171831846237183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778019345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148337","display_name":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","level":2,"score":0.4952763617038727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47785112261772156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.4771130383014679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.413012832403183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4109361171722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.2763635218143463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.26386624574661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0813131332397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2003.1223331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2003.1223331","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2003.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W187357405","https://openalex.org/W1495061682","https://openalex.org/W1532953429","https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1568408271","https://openalex.org/W1583700199","https://openalex.org/W1987944428","https://openalex.org/W1987950494","https://openalex.org/W2017337590","https://openalex.org/W2021075892","https://openalex.org/W2119315254","https://openalex.org/W2171136707","https://openalex.org/W2177512641","https://openalex.org/W2466512847","https://openalex.org/W6607623206","https://openalex.org/W6629652716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W2005378346","https://openalex.org/W2348430812","https://openalex.org/W2369293046","https://openalex.org/W2379409486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hepatocellular":[0],"carcinoma":[1],"(HCC)":[2],"is":[3,12,22,30,39,96],"one":[4],"of":[5,28,35,48,63,68,81,91,98,113,135,143,158,160,169,172,183,194,199,206,220,225],"the":[6,61,66,79,161,167,170,191,197,200],"commonest":[7],"fatal":[8],"tumors,":[9],"and":[10,51,107,116,125,133,202,222],"it":[11],"usually":[13],"diagnosed":[14],"at":[15,188],"a":[16,41,75,87,146,155,181,211,218],"late":[17],"stage,":[18],"when":[19],"effective":[20],"treatment":[21],"very":[23,42],"difficult.":[24],"Unfortunately":[25],"early":[26,102],"diagnosis":[27,56],"HCC":[29,50],"almost":[31],"mandatory":[32],"in":[33,54,145,196],"terms":[34],"patient":[36],"survival,":[37],"but":[38],"represents":[40],"difficult":[43],"task.":[44],"Detailed":[45],"histological":[46,55,185],"characteristics":[47],"small":[49],"precursor":[52],"lesions":[53],"are":[57],"needed":[58],"to":[59,65,213],"refine":[60],"contribution":[62],"histopathology":[64],"management":[67],"patients":[69],"with":[70,154],"HCC.":[71],"In":[72,137],"this":[73,150],"context":[74],"possible":[76],"approach":[77,177],"regards":[78],"implementation":[80],"knowledge":[82,216],"extraction":[83],"process":[84],"based":[85],"on":[86],"labeled":[88],"data":[89,94,221],"set":[90,95,112,193,219],"cases.":[92,110],"Our":[93],"made":[97],"212":[99],"cases,":[100],"including":[101],"malignant":[103,201],"nodules,":[104],"benign":[105,203],"ones,":[106],"some":[108],"uncertain":[109],"A":[111],"11":[114],"histopathological":[115],"morphological":[117],"features":[118,186,195],"described":[119],"each":[120],"case.":[121],"We":[122],"applied":[123],"statistical":[124],"machine":[126],"learning":[127,207],"algorithms":[128],"both":[129],"for":[130],"feature":[131],"selection":[132,176],"classification":[134,198],"nodules.":[136,204],"particular,":[138],"we":[139],"implemented":[140],"an":[141],"ensemble":[142,151],"classifiers":[144],"straightforward":[147],"way.":[148],"Moreover,":[149],"provides":[152],"physicians":[153],"rough":[156],"level":[157],"confidence":[159],"proposed":[162],"diagnoses,":[163],"taking":[164],"into":[165],"account":[166],"importance":[168],"interpretability":[171],"automated":[173],"output.":[174,227],"Feature":[175],"was":[178],"validated;":[179],"actually":[180],"subset":[182],"four":[184],"performed":[187],"least":[189],"as":[190],"whole":[192],"Ensemble":[205],"machines":[208],"can":[209],"be":[210],"tool":[212],"extract":[214],"new":[215],"from":[217],"improve":[223],"comprehensibility":[224],"computerized":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
