{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1974595392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcb.2011.6117499","title":"A robust eye localization method for low quality face images","display_name":"A robust eye localization method for low quality face images","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1974595392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcb.2011.6117499","mag":"1974595392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcb.2011.6117499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcb.2011.6117499","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100650290","display_name":"Yi Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4352-128X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dong Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Biometrics and Security Research, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Center for Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Biometrics and Security Research, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101528039","display_name":"Zhen Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6544-023X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Biometrics and Security Research, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Center for Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Biometrics and Security Research, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082786719","display_name":"Stan Z. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2961-8096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stan Z. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Biometrics and Security Research, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Center for Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Biometrics and Security Research, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100650290"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210094879"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8029,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86995724,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8239048719406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8141812086105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascade","display_name":"Cascade","score":0.6784384846687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6590008735656738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6459354162216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6017823219299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5757119655609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5378360748291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.508466362953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4940393269062042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.42415621876716614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8239048719406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8141812086105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.6784384846687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6590008735656738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6459354162216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6017823219299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5757119655609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5378360748291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.508466362953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4940393269062042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.42415621876716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcb.2011.6117499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcb.2011.6117499","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489260461","https://openalex.org/W1545641654","https://openalex.org/W1591385104","https://openalex.org/W1782590233","https://openalex.org/W1825459403","https://openalex.org/W1963504747","https://openalex.org/W1964586062","https://openalex.org/W2024046085","https://openalex.org/W2041602625","https://openalex.org/W2046399019","https://openalex.org/W2087161877","https://openalex.org/W2096027770","https://openalex.org/W2102512156","https://openalex.org/W2106115875","https://openalex.org/W2108054537","https://openalex.org/W2126909398","https://openalex.org/W2131734388","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2148486638","https://openalex.org/W2155535585","https://openalex.org/W2163370434","https://openalex.org/W2165731615","https://openalex.org/W2260070274","https://openalex.org/W2994340921","https://openalex.org/W3214102110","https://openalex.org/W4240887148","https://openalex.org/W6632636493","https://openalex.org/W6635552349","https://openalex.org/W6638644366","https://openalex.org/W6678836876","https://openalex.org/W6682854854","https://openalex.org/W6804270185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2153719181","https://openalex.org/W1971748923","https://openalex.org/W2060986072","https://openalex.org/W1566155057","https://openalex.org/W2052574922","https://openalex.org/W64588465","https://openalex.org/W3120641340","https://openalex.org/W2117825986","https://openalex.org/W3134067061","https://openalex.org/W2985118265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Eye":[0],"localization":[1,51,65],"is":[2,104,157],"an":[3],"important":[4],"part":[5],"in":[6,75,83,123,138],"face":[7,18,30,56,181],"recognition":[8,182],"system,":[9],"because":[10],"its":[11],"precision":[12,27,36,122],"closely":[13],"affects":[14],"the":[15,29,60,79,98,102,109,119,124],"performance":[16],"of":[17],"recognition.":[19],"Although":[20],"various":[21],"methods":[22,161],"have":[23],"already":[24],"achieved":[25],"high":[26,33,163],"on":[28,39,143,162,170],"images":[31,57,165],"with":[32],"quality,":[34],"their":[35],"will":[37],"drop":[38],"low":[40,54,171],"quality":[41,55,164,172],"images.":[42,173],"In":[43],"this":[44],"paper,":[45],"we":[46,68,77,112],"propose":[47,69,113],"a":[48,70,84,148,177],"robust":[49],"eye":[50,61],"method":[52,156],"for":[53,180],"to":[58,92,97,116,159],"improve":[59,118],"detection":[62],"rate":[63],"and":[64,121,133,147,166],"precision.":[66],"First,":[67],"probabilistic":[71,85],"cascade":[72,81],"(P-Cascade)":[73],"framework,":[74],"which":[76],"reformulate":[78],"traditional":[80],"classifier":[82],"way.":[86],"The":[87],"P-Cascade":[88,125],"can":[89,167],"give":[90],"chance":[91],"each":[93],"image":[94],"patch":[95,103],"contributing":[96],"final":[99],"result,":[100],"regardless":[101],"accepted":[105],"or":[106,186],"rejected":[107],"by":[108],"cascade.":[110],"Second,":[111],"two":[114,136],"extensions":[115],"further":[117],"robustness":[120],"framework.":[126],"There":[127],"are:":[128],"(1)":[129],"extending":[130],"feature":[131],"set,":[132],"(2)":[134],"stacking":[135],"classifiers":[137],"multiple":[139],"scales.":[140],"Extensive":[141],"experiments":[142],"JAFFE,":[144],"BioID,":[145],"LFW":[146],"self-collected":[149],"video":[150],"surveillance":[151,187],"database":[152],"show":[153],"that":[154],"our":[155],"comparable":[158],"state-of-the-art":[160],"work":[168,175],"well":[169],"This":[174],"supplies":[176],"solid":[178],"base":[179],"applications":[183],"under":[184],"unconstrained":[185],"environments.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}