{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390187737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iit59782.2023.10366498","title":"SAFE: a Standardized Automotive Forensic Engine for Law Enforcement Agencies","display_name":"SAFE: a Standardized Automotive Forensic Engine for Law Enforcement Agencies","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390187737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iit59782.2023.10366498"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iit59782.2023.10366498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iit59782.2023.10366498","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 15th International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology (IIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079692899","display_name":"Taimur Bakhshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4750-7864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84027002","display_name":"Leeds Beckett University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xsh5r57","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Taimur Bakhshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leeds Beckett University,Department of Computing,Leeds,United Kingdom","Department of Computing, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leeds Beckett University,Department of Computing,Leeds,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044709278","display_name":"Bogdan Ghita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1788-547X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","display_name":"University of Plymouth","ror":"https://ror.org/008n7pv89","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan Ghita","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Plymouth,Department of Computinng,Plymouth,United Kingdom","Department of Computinng, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Plymouth,Department of Computinng,Plymouth,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computinng, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010458580","display_name":"Ievgeniia Kuzminykh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-4234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ievgeniia Kuzminykh","raw_affiliation_strings":["King&#x2019;s College London,Department of Informatics,London,United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King&#x2019;s College London,Department of Informatics,London,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079692899"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4589,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72561014,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"117","issue":null,"first_page":"196","last_page":"201"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10751","display_name":"Forensic and Genetic Research","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.6655260324478149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"Law enforcement","score":0.643240213394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-forensics","display_name":"Digital forensics","score":0.5795168280601501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5242081880569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5042976140975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4681549072265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-evidence","display_name":"Digital evidence","score":0.44362348318099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-scene","display_name":"Crime scene","score":0.436504989862442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/best-practice","display_name":"Best practice","score":0.42809563875198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2780471444129944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.18366235494613647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.10914462804794312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.6655260324478149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.643240213394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.5795168280601501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5242081880569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5042976140975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4681549072265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781357168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276084","display_name":"Digital evidence","level":3,"score":0.44362348318099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171906077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1360677","display_name":"Crime scene","level":2,"score":0.436504989862442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.42809563875198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2780471444129944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.18366235494613647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10914462804794312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iit59782.2023.10366498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iit59782.2023.10366498","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 15th International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology (IIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk:10888","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/view/creators/Bakhshi=3AT=3A=3A.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400805","display_name":"Leeds Beckett Repository (Leeds Beckett University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I84027002","host_organization_name":"Leeds Beckett University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2805345783","https://openalex.org/W2962109466","https://openalex.org/W3004437394","https://openalex.org/W3043488929","https://openalex.org/W3044847539","https://openalex.org/W3138203095","https://openalex.org/W3170947218","https://openalex.org/W4296830137","https://openalex.org/W6603654523"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576621636","https://openalex.org/W2620272321","https://openalex.org/W3015503851","https://openalex.org/W2145109049","https://openalex.org/W2552093437","https://openalex.org/W54587564","https://openalex.org/W93745046","https://openalex.org/W2096127821","https://openalex.org/W2113856930","https://openalex.org/W2291671552"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"automotive":[1,48,61,87,147],"infotainment":[2],"systems":[3,62],"offer":[4],"a":[5,108,134,145,159],"substantial":[6],"source":[7],"of":[8,18,59,104,119,126,137,177],"evidence":[9],"for":[10,164],"digital":[11,37],"forensic":[12,24,38,73,148,167,197],"practitioners.":[13],"However,":[14,50],"due":[15,56],"to":[16,47,57,187,194,203],"lack":[17,125],"guidance":[19],"and":[20,32,40,63,99,124,141,157,181],"supporting":[21],"validation":[22],"tools,":[23],"analysts":[25],"struggle":[26],"with":[27,71,117],"both":[28],"data":[29,121],"acquisition,":[30],"analysis":[31,58],"reporting.":[33],"There":[34],"are":[35],"general":[36],"frameworks":[39],"legislative":[41],"acts":[42],"that":[43],"can":[44],"be":[45],"applied":[46],"forensics.":[49],"processing":[51,198],"vehicles":[52],"may":[53],"prove":[54],"challenging":[55],"proprietary":[60],"on-site":[64],"crime":[65,201],"scene":[66,202],"dynamics,":[67],"including":[68],"cross-functional":[69],"investigation":[70,128,162,179],"physical":[72],"teams.":[74],"To":[75],"gain":[76],"an":[77,112],"insight":[78],"into":[79],"emerging":[80],"challenges,":[81],"the":[82,96,155,175,204],"present":[83],"work":[84],"surveyed":[85],"current":[86],"forensics":[88],"practices":[89],"across":[90],"law":[91],"enforcement":[92],"agencies":[93],"(LEAs)":[94],"in":[95,143],"EU,":[97],"NA":[98],"AP":[100],"region.":[101],"The":[102,169],"result":[103],"this":[105,132],"survey":[106],"enabled":[107],"qualitative":[109],"evaluation,":[110,133],"exposing":[111],"overall":[113],"limited":[114],"capability":[115],"along":[116],"prevalence":[118],"invasive":[120],"retrieval":[122],"methods":[123],"standardized":[127,146],"trajectories.":[129],"Based":[130],"on":[131,174],"predominant":[135],"set":[136],"recommendations":[138],"were":[139],"derived":[140],"streamlined":[142],"SAFE:":[144],"engine.":[149],"SAFE":[150],"utilizes":[151],"preliminary":[152],"information":[153],"from":[154,199],"crime-scene":[156],"presents":[158],"best-practice":[160],"step-by-step":[161],"guide":[163],"front-line":[165],"vehicle":[166,196],"analysts.":[168],"engine":[170],"captures":[171],"analyst":[172],"rating":[173],"validity":[176],"each":[178],"trajectory":[180],"KNN-based":[182],"content":[183],"filtering":[184],"is":[185],"employed":[186],"improve":[188],"future":[189],"recommendations.":[190],"SAFE,":[191],"therefore,":[192],"aims":[193],"optimize":[195],"initial":[200],"courtroom.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-22T23:10:17.713674","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
