{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2774271187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iiswc.2017.8167771","title":"Why do programs have heavy tails?","display_name":"Why do programs have heavy tails?","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2774271187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iiswc.2017.8167771","mag":"2774271187"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iiswc.2017.8167771","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iiswc.2017.8167771","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization (IISWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101735061","display_name":"Hiroshi Sasaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7221-0742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi Sasaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Columbia University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006844232","display_name":"Fang-Hsiang Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang-Hsiang Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Columbia University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056390001","display_name":"Teruo Tanimoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9068-0972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teruo Tanimoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030436580","display_name":"Simha Sethumadhavan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-7153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simha Sethumadhavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Columbia University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101735061"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53625432,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2003","issue":null,"first_page":"135","last_page":"145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8557561635971069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skew","display_name":"Skew","score":0.8220776915550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.6653921008110046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.6202132701873779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.44586503505706787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4374195635318756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4299435317516327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.35922473669052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2573392689228058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13051998615264893}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8557561635971069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43711488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534783","display_name":"Skew","level":2,"score":0.8220776915550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.6653921008110046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6202132701873779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.44586503505706787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4374195635318756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4299435317516327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35922473669052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2573392689228058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13051998615264893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iiswc.2017.8167771","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iiswc.2017.8167771","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization (IISWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168445756","https://openalex.org/W1504234628","https://openalex.org/W1587080683","https://openalex.org/W2000042664","https://openalex.org/W2002830978","https://openalex.org/W2010540152","https://openalex.org/W2036853599","https://openalex.org/W2050510749","https://openalex.org/W2088856850","https://openalex.org/W2134633067","https://openalex.org/W2135270610","https://openalex.org/W2140915279","https://openalex.org/W2166091242","https://openalex.org/W2522012353","https://openalex.org/W2534461193","https://openalex.org/W2950582588","https://openalex.org/W2999304050","https://openalex.org/W3103362336","https://openalex.org/W4205930639","https://openalex.org/W4231496307","https://openalex.org/W4239813889","https://openalex.org/W4242167065","https://openalex.org/W6607054214","https://openalex.org/W6630048895","https://openalex.org/W6635022780","https://openalex.org/W6659722374"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4290802965","https://openalex.org/W97789383","https://openalex.org/W4240253816","https://openalex.org/W3096456556","https://openalex.org/W2169584677","https://openalex.org/W2979513934","https://openalex.org/W4232954277","https://openalex.org/W4289406402","https://openalex.org/W2727156679","https://openalex.org/W2020341030"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Designing":[0],"and":[1,24,139,164,176],"optimizing":[2],"computer":[3],"systems":[4],"require":[5],"deep":[6],"understanding":[7],"of":[8,21,32,43,80,112,131],"the":[9,19,78,110,144,158,182],"underlying":[10],"system.":[11],"Historically":[12],"many":[13,96],"important":[14],"observations":[15],"that":[16,77,143,150,157,179,181],"led":[17],"to":[18],"development":[20],"essential":[22],"hardware":[23],"software":[25],"optimizations":[26],"were":[27],"driven":[28],"by":[29,47],"empirical":[30],"studies":[31],"program":[33,45,58,188],"behavior.":[34],"In":[35,56,107,118],"this":[36,119,123],"paper":[37,120],"we":[38,121,141,167],"report":[39],"an":[40],"interesting":[41],"property":[42],"dynamic":[44],"execution":[46],"viewing":[48],"it":[49,151],"as":[50],"a":[51,57,68,90,128,186],"changing":[52],"(or":[53],"social)":[54],"network.":[55],"social":[59],"network,":[60],"two":[61],"instructions":[62,81,92,97,100],"are":[63,185],"friends":[64],"if":[65],"there":[66],"is":[67,76,115,147,152,160],"producer-consumer":[69],"relationship":[70],"between":[71],"them.":[72],"One":[73],"prominent":[74],"result":[75],"outdegree":[79],"follow":[82],"heavy":[83],"tails":[84],"or":[85],"power":[86],"law":[87],"distributions,":[88],"i.e.,":[89],"few":[91,105],"produce":[93],"values":[94],"for":[95,103],"while":[98],"most":[99],"do":[101],"so":[102],"very":[104],"instructions.":[106],"other":[108],"words,":[109],"number":[111],"instruction":[113],"dependencies":[114],"highly":[116],"skewed.":[117],"investigate":[122],"curious":[124],"phenomenon.":[125],"By":[126],"analyzing":[127],"large":[129],"set":[130],"workloads":[132],"under":[133,170],"different":[134],"compilers,":[135],"compilation":[136],"options,":[137],"ISAs":[138],"inputs":[140],"find":[142],"dependence":[145],"skew":[146,159,172],"widespread,":[148],"suggesting":[149],"fundamental.":[153],"We":[154],"also":[155],"observe":[156],"fractal":[161],"across":[162],"time":[163],"space.":[165],"Finally,":[166],"describe":[168],"conditions":[169],"which":[171],"emerges":[173],"within":[174],"programs":[175],"provide":[177],"evidence":[178],"suggests":[180],"heavy-tailed":[183],"distributions":[184],"unique":[187],"property.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}