{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2246354555","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iisa.2015.7388094","title":"Modeling of high-Z materials detection in assessing brightness/density ratios and their impact on detection accuracy","display_name":"Modeling of high-Z materials detection in assessing brightness/density ratios and their impact on detection accuracy","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2246354555","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iisa.2015.7388094","mag":"2246354555"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iisa.2015.7388094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iisa.2015.7388094","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 6th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100711136","display_name":"Sangkyu Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sangkyu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuclear Engineering Program, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuclear Engineering Program, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002249001","display_name":"Tatjana Jevremovi\u0107","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tatjana Jevremovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuclear Engineering Program, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuclear Engineering Program, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100711136"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10971582,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11949","display_name":"Nuclear Physics and Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10946","display_name":"Radioactivity and Radon Measurements","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-material","display_name":"Nuclear material","score":0.7354798913002014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.7002125978469849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-shielding","display_name":"Electromagnetic shielding","score":0.6703429818153381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.6388640999794006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"Radiography","score":0.49449726939201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4640774726867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.33700791001319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.27562564611434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.22610655426979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18017622828483582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.16084381937980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-physics","display_name":"Nuclear physics","score":0.11626625061035156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776893251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7068140","display_name":"Nuclear material","level":2,"score":0.7354798913002014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.7002125978469849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2265751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332007","display_name":"Electromagnetic shielding","level":2,"score":0.6703429818153381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.6388640999794006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.49449726939201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4640774726867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.33700791001319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.27562564611434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.22610655426979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18017622828483582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16084381937980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.11626625061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iisa.2015.7388094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iisa.2015.7388094","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 6th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322004","display_name":"Ministry of National Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfet039"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546965834","https://openalex.org/W1603547512","https://openalex.org/W1650310283","https://openalex.org/W1979548220","https://openalex.org/W1998838015","https://openalex.org/W2005068491","https://openalex.org/W2041023024","https://openalex.org/W2053273565","https://openalex.org/W2065093596","https://openalex.org/W2072553215","https://openalex.org/W2077472645","https://openalex.org/W2110891770","https://openalex.org/W2261375854","https://openalex.org/W4251118628","https://openalex.org/W6692841559"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367685550","https://openalex.org/W2910601449","https://openalex.org/W2060436819","https://openalex.org/W1955358902","https://openalex.org/W2363328231","https://openalex.org/W2511929066","https://openalex.org/W2375356488","https://openalex.org/W1871423990","https://openalex.org/W2147810561","https://openalex.org/W2365791963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smuggling":[0],"of":[1,60,69,74,91,120,127,141,146,184,188,202,222,229,252],"radioactive":[2],"materials":[3,7,23,64,98,102,111,244],"and":[4,14,28,200],"special":[5],"nuclear":[6,16,22,63],"(SNM)":[8],"present":[9,46,83,122],"a":[10,47,58,84,128,157,177,220,223,230,239],"concern":[11],"to":[12,19,36,82,137,166,168,216,235],"national":[13],"global":[15],"security.":[17],"Due":[18],"weak":[20],"signals,":[21],"are":[24],"not":[25],"easily":[26],"detected":[27],"numerous":[29],"techniques":[30],"were":[31],"developed":[32,176],"addressing":[33],"issues":[34],"related":[35],"illicit":[37],"trafficking":[38],"across":[39],"the":[40,67,89,96,104,118,139,185,227],"borders.":[41],"In":[42,233],"this":[43,75,236],"paper,":[44],"we":[45,175],"numerical":[48,78,182],"model":[49,79],"for":[50,57,160,242],"high-Z":[51,97,165],"radiographic-based":[52],"detection":[53],"in":[54,65,87,117,123,197,226,247,254],"cargo":[55,92,129,142,189,231],"scanning":[56,187,256],"search":[59],"hidden":[61],"weak-signaling":[62],"assessing":[66],"effect":[68],"brightness":[70,199],"ratios":[71],"on":[72,192],"accuracy":[73,90],"method.":[76],"This":[77,155],"is":[80,133,213,219,245],"attempted":[81],"new":[85,178,250],"direction":[86],"improving":[88],"inspections":[93],"by":[94],"distinguishing":[95],"such":[99,147],"as":[100,114],"shielding":[101],"(always":[103],"high-Z),":[105],"or":[106],"SNM,":[107],"from":[108],"all":[109],"other":[110],"(that":[112],"could":[113],"well":[115],"be":[116],"group":[119],"high-Z)":[121],"an":[124,161,203],"examined":[125],"volume":[126],"container.":[130,232],"Gamma/X-ray":[131],"radiography":[132,153,195],"widely":[134],"established":[135],"method":[136],"scan":[138],"interiors":[140],"containers.":[143],"However,":[144],"processing":[145],"radiographic":[148],"images":[149,196],"employs":[150],"only":[151],"2-D":[152],"images.":[154],"presents":[156],"challenging":[158],"limitation":[159],"accurate":[162],"discrimination":[163,240],"between":[164],"medium-Z":[167],"low-Z":[169],"materials.":[170],"To":[171],"address":[172],"these":[173,210],"shortcomings,":[174],"approach":[179],"(demonstrated":[180],"using":[181,209],"mirroring":[183],"real":[186,255],"containers)":[190],"based":[191],"two":[193,211],"orthogonal":[194],"providing":[198,249],"thickness":[201],"observed":[204],"volume.":[205],"An":[206],"empirical":[207,237],"formula":[208],"variables":[212],"then":[214],"derived":[215],"estimate":[217],"what":[218],"density":[221],"scanned":[224],"material":[225],"interior":[228],"addition":[234],"formula,":[238],"threshold":[241],"high-density":[243],"suggested":[246],"possibly":[248],"aspects":[251],"improvements":[253],"systems.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
