{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2094011994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ihci.2012.6481802","title":"A real time facial expression classification system using Local Binary Patterns","display_name":"A real time facial expression classification system using Local Binary Patterns","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2094011994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ihci.2012.6481802","mag":"2094011994"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ihci.2012.6481802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ihci.2012.6481802","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 4th International Conference on Intelligent Human Computer Interaction (IHCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.04058","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S L Happy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S L Happy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Anjith George","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anjith George","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Aurobinda Routray","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aurobinda Routray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7848,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91755643,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9544000029563904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.7214999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7049000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.5856999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5688999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5386999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4514999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.43540000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","score":0.427700012922287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.7214999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7049000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6845999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.5856999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5688999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5386999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4514999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.43540000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.427700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206310091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750859","display_name":"Emotion classification","level":2,"score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40346341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391629","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","level":3,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54654163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428359","display_name":"Face hallucination","level":5,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780343955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173","display_name":"Surprise","level":2,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51432778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1259145","display_name":"Independent component analysis","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ihci.2012.6481802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ihci.2012.6481802","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 4th International Conference on Intelligent Human Computer Interaction (IHCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1505.04058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1505.04058","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.04058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1505.04058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1505.04058","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.04058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545641654","https://openalex.org/W2033773055","https://openalex.org/W2091923898","https://openalex.org/W2100965694","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2154716422","https://openalex.org/W2160947254","https://openalex.org/W2162418306","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2537262100","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W6656999838","https://openalex.org/W6676019839","https://openalex.org/W6681551814","https://openalex.org/W6681722834"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"expression":[1,37,83,101],"analysis":[2],"is":[3,40,77,92,97],"one":[4],"of":[5,9,54,58,89,109,123],"the":[6,86,90,104],"popular":[7],"fields":[8],"research":[10],"in":[11,20,79],"human":[12,25],"computer":[13],"interaction":[14],"(HCI).":[15],"It":[16],"has":[17],"several":[18],"applications":[19],"next":[21],"generation":[22],"user":[23],"interfaces,":[24],"emotion":[26],"analysis,":[27,102],"behavior":[28],"and":[29,65,107,137],"cognitive":[30],"modeling.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33],"paper,":[34],"a":[35,59,124],"facial":[36,68,100],"classification":[38,84],"algorithm":[39,76,91],"proposed":[41,98],"which":[42],"uses":[43,118],"Haar":[44],"classifier":[45],"for":[46,82,99],"face":[47,60,121],"detection":[48],"purpose,":[49],"Local":[50],"Binary":[51],"Patterns(LBP)":[52],"histogram":[53],"different":[55],"block":[56],"sizes":[57],"image":[61],"as":[62],"feature":[63],"vectors":[64],"classifies":[66],"various":[67,105],"expressions":[69,106,110],"using":[70],"Principal":[71],"Component":[72],"Analysis":[73],"(PCA).":[74],"The":[75,116],"implemented":[78],"real":[80],"time":[81],"since":[85,103],"computational":[87],"complexity":[88],"small.":[93],"A":[94],"customizable":[95],"approach":[96],"intensity":[108],"vary":[111],"from":[112],"person":[113,125],"to":[114,126],"person.":[115],"system":[117],"grayscale":[119],"frontal":[120],"images":[122],"classify":[127],"six":[128],"basic":[129],"emotions":[130],"namely":[131],"happiness,":[132],"sadness,":[133],"disgust,":[134],"fear,":[135],"surprise":[136],"anger.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}