{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387802296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10283254","title":"Detection of Vegetation Height using a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) on Hawai\u2019i","display_name":"Detection of Vegetation Height using a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) on Hawai\u2019i","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387802296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10283254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10283254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10283254","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077220293","display_name":"William Wright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2190-9745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192545095","display_name":"United States Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/01jepya76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I192545095","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William C. Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Military Academy,Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering,West Point,NY,USA","Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Military Academy,Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering,West Point,NY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010118775","display_name":"Carter Kelly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5606-7592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192545095","display_name":"United States Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/01jepya76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I192545095","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carter Kelly","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Military Academy,Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering,West Point,NY,USA","Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Military Academy,Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering,West Point,NY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036798609","display_name":"Matthew O\u2019Banion","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9085-4821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192545095","display_name":"United States Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/01jepya76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I192545095","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew O\u2019Banion","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Military Academy,Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering,West Point,NY,USA","Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Military Academy,Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering,West Point,NY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068036292","display_name":"Ryan H. Kirkpatrick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9949-7253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192545095","display_name":"United States Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/01jepya76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I192545095","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87303767","display_name":"U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center","ror":"https://ror.org/027mhn368","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1306490931","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I87303767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Kirkpatrick","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Military Academy,Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering,West Point,NY,USA","Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA","Geospatial Research Lab, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Military Academy,Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering,West Point,NY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Research Lab, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87303767"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3264","last_page":"3267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.8660330772399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7754125595092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.7373375296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.666404128074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raster-graphics","display_name":"Raster graphics","score":0.6604598760604858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.6344795823097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadcopter","display_name":"Quadcopter","score":0.5534517765045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.5532507300376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5511422753334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-survey","display_name":"Aerial survey","score":0.4903843402862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structure-from-motion","display_name":"Structure from motion","score":0.4637743830680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-surface","display_name":"Digital surface","score":0.4619496464729309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.40397918224334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3563733696937561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.354638010263443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3416653275489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28116288781166077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.2575531005859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.09402599930763245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09352949261665344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.8660330772399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7754125595092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.7373375296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.666404128074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181844469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182270","display_name":"Raster graphics","level":2,"score":0.6604598760604858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.6344795823097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779199153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43965","display_name":"Quadcopter","level":2,"score":0.5534517765045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.5532507300376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5511422753334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176262533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688034","display_name":"Aerial survey","level":2,"score":0.4903843402862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146159030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625099","display_name":"Structure from motion","level":3,"score":0.4637743830680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983128922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1789829","display_name":"Digital surface","level":3,"score":0.4619496464729309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.40397918224334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3563733696937561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.354638010263443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3416653275489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28116288781166077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.2575531005859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.09402599930763245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09352949261665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10283254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10283254","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2413910992","https://openalex.org/W2790010046","https://openalex.org/W3114834942","https://openalex.org/W4210413876"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321346152","https://openalex.org/W2281664702","https://openalex.org/W2748483724","https://openalex.org/W2917857287","https://openalex.org/W2531007982","https://openalex.org/W2073956583","https://openalex.org/W4226267009","https://openalex.org/W2211910793","https://openalex.org/W3016971065","https://openalex.org/W2804043218"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,106],"recent":[1],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,12,31,41,59,90,130,145,154,177,182,194,205],"small":[4],"unmanned":[5],"aerial":[6,108],"systems":[7],"(sUAS)":[8],"along":[9],"with":[10],"development":[11],"the":[13,29,81,87,100,155,180,192,203],"photogrammetric":[14,107,211],"processing":[15],"techniques":[16],"known":[17],"as":[18],"Structure":[19],"from":[20,209],"Motion":[21],"(SfM)":[22],"and":[23,72,103,133,148,186,202],"Multi-View":[24],"Stereo":[25],"(MVS)":[26],"have":[27],"made":[28],"use":[30],"sUAS":[32,44],"collected":[33,165],"imagery":[34,52,124],"more":[35],"readily":[36],"accessible":[37],"to":[38],"a":[39,47,76,92,113,118],"variety":[40],"users.":[42],"These":[43],"platforms":[45],"provide":[46],"mechanism":[48],"for":[49],"collecting":[50],"overlapping":[51],"over":[53],"targeted":[54],"landscapes":[55],"followed":[56],"by":[57,98],"production":[58],"dense":[60],"3D":[61],"point":[62],"clouds,":[63],"digital":[64,68],"surface":[65],"models":[66,70],"(DSMs),":[67],"terrain":[69],"(DTMs),":[71],"high-resolution":[73],"orthomosaics.":[74],"For":[75],"study":[77],"site":[78],"located":[79],"in":[80,140],"Pohakuloa":[82],"Training":[83],"Area":[84],"(PTA)":[85],"on":[86,198],"big":[88],"island":[89],"Hawai\u2019i,":[91],"vegetation":[93,157,190,199,207],"height":[94,158,197,200,208],"raster":[95,159],"was":[96,110,160],"generated":[97],"differencing":[99,183],"photogrammetrically-derived":[101,184],"DSM":[102,185],"DTM":[104,187],"surfaces.":[105],"survey":[109],"conducted":[111,127,161],"using":[112,162,166],"Skydio":[114],"X2D":[115],"quadcopter":[116],"carrying":[117],"12-megapixel":[119],"RGB":[120],"camera":[121],"payload.":[122],"Two":[123],"acquisitions":[125],"were":[126],"at":[128],"altitudes":[129],"approximately":[131,146],"60m":[132],"120m":[134],"above":[135],"ground":[136,141],"level":[137],"(AGL)":[138],"resulting":[139,156],"sample":[142],"distances":[143],"(GSDs)":[144],"2.3cm":[147],"5.0cm,":[149],"respectively.":[150],"An":[151],"accuracy":[152],"assessment":[153,176],"in-situ":[163],"measurements":[164],"terrestrial":[167],"laser":[168],"scanning":[169],"(TLS)":[170],"data.":[171],"This":[172],"paper":[173],"presents":[174],"an":[175],"how":[178],"well":[179],"technique":[181],"surfaces":[188],"captures":[189],"height,":[191],"effect":[193],"variable":[195],"flying":[196],"determination,":[201],"challenges":[204],"extracting":[206],"sUAS-based":[210],"surveys.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}