{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387829095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10282624","title":"Green Attack or Overfitting? Comparing Machine-Learning- and Vegetation-Index-Based Methods to Early Detect European Spruce Bark Beetle Attacks Using Multispectral Drone Images","display_name":"Green Attack or Overfitting? Comparing Machine-Learning- and Vegetation-Index-Based Methods to Early Detect European Spruce Bark Beetle Attacks Using Multispectral Drone Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387829095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10282624"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10282624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10282624","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073943659","display_name":"Langning Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8432-8609"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Langning Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences,Department of Forest Resource Management,Sweden","Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences,Department of Forest Resource Management,Sweden","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031343326","display_name":"Henrik Persson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3403-057X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrik Jan Persson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences,Department of Forest Resource Management,Sweden","Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences,Department of Forest Resource Management,Sweden","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056259056","display_name":"Jonas Bohlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-5967"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Bohlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences,Department of Forest Resource Management,Sweden","Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences,Department of Forest Resource Management,Sweden","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037641882","display_name":"Eva Lindberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1792-0773"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eva Lindberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences,Department of Forest Resource Management,Sweden","Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences,Department of Forest Resource Management,Sweden","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"546","last_page":"549"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11691","display_name":"Forest Insect Ecology and Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11691","display_name":"Forest Insect Ecology and Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.8531242609024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.5817470550537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.576788067817688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infestation","display_name":"Infestation","score":0.5739491581916809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.5431233644485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bark-beetle","display_name":"Bark beetle","score":0.47987261414527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.4666234254837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.44410374760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.44251251220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.4308284521102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3929283618927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bark","display_name":"Bark (sound)","score":0.3729594349861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3574122190475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3556385338306427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33797919750213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22550970315933228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.1795315444469452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horticulture","display_name":"Horticulture","score":0.15335342288017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botany","display_name":"Botany","score":0.1474831998348236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.8531242609024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.5817470550537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.576788067817688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776451879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292038","display_name":"Infestation","level":2,"score":0.5739491581916809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.5431233644485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779751432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q720458","display_name":"Bark beetle","level":3,"score":0.47987261414527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.4666234254837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.44410374760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.44251251220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.4308284521102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3929283618927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133446333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38681","display_name":"Bark (sound)","level":2,"score":0.3729594349861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3574122190475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3556385338306427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33797919750213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22550970315933228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1795315444469452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.15335342288017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.1474831998348236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10282624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10282624","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3123838756","https://openalex.org/W3154671245","https://openalex.org/W3204125315","https://openalex.org/W4318943691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362597605","https://openalex.org/W1574414179","https://openalex.org/W4297676672","https://openalex.org/W3009056573","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W4229448053","https://openalex.org/W4281702477","https://openalex.org/W4247925126","https://openalex.org/W4327774218","https://openalex.org/W2895173458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"forest":[1,37,53,91],"insect":[2],"damage":[3,19],"before":[4,55,78,200,244],"the":[5,24,47,60,63,72,133,141,194,219,224,239],"visible":[6],"discoloration":[7],"(green":[8,102,105],"attacks)":[9],"using":[10,66,159,265,272],"remote":[11],"sensing":[12],"data":[13],"is":[14,256],"challenging,":[15],"but":[16],"important":[17],"for":[18,127,140,190,231],"control.":[20],"In":[21],"recent":[22],"years,":[23],"European":[25],"spruce":[26],"bark":[27],"beetle":[28],"(Ips":[29],"typographus,":[30],"L.)":[31],"has":[32],"damaged":[33],"large":[34],"amounts":[35],"of":[36,50,62,74,116,136,177,241,254],"in":[38,93,97,210,218],"Europe,":[39],"and":[40,52,70,106,109,121,147,156,166,180,187,192,246],"some":[41],"studies":[42],"have":[43],"been":[44],"conducted":[45],"on":[46,208],"early":[48],"detection":[49],"infestations":[51,217],"vulnerabilities":[54],"attacks.":[56,79],"This":[57],"study":[58,81],"assessed":[59],"detectability":[61,240],"green":[64],"attacks":[65,201,245],"multispectral":[67,83],"drone":[68,84],"images":[69,85,115],"examined":[71],"possibility":[73],"detecting":[75],"vulnerable":[76,198,242],"trees":[77,189,199,209,229,243,248],"The":[80],"used":[82,153],"covering":[86],"24":[87],"plots":[88],"from":[89],"6":[90],"stands":[92],"southern":[94],"Sweden,":[95],"acquired":[96],"May":[98],"(before":[99],"attacks),":[100],"June":[101],"attack),":[103,108],"August":[104],"yellow":[107],"October":[110],"2021":[111],"(red":[112],"attack).":[113],"Drone":[114],"individual-tree":[117],"crowns":[118],"were":[119,125,138,152,171],"segmented":[120],"vegetation":[122],"indices":[123],"(VIs)":[124],"calculated":[126],"every":[128],"single":[129,167,275],"tree.":[130],"Trees":[131],"with":[132,202,249,267,274],"same":[134],"duration":[135],"infestation":[137,255],"grouped":[139],"analysis.":[142],"Random":[143],"Forest":[144],"Classification":[145],"(RF)":[146],"linear":[148],"discriminant":[149],"analysis":[150],"(LDA)":[151],"to":[154,271],"build":[155],"compare":[157],"models":[158,195,225],"all":[160,164],"bands,":[161,163],"sensitive":[162],"VIs,":[165,168],"respectively.":[169],"Results":[170],"also":[172],"compared":[173,270],"between":[174],"different":[175],"ways":[176],"dividing":[178,185],"training":[179,191,207],"testing":[181],"data.":[182],"When":[183],"randomly":[184],"90%":[186],"10%":[188],"testing,":[193],"could":[196,215,226],"classify":[197],"low":[203],"accuracy.":[204],"However,":[205],"when":[206,264],"five":[211,234,252],"stands,":[212],"no":[213],"model":[214],"predict":[216],"remaining":[220],"test":[221],"stand.":[222],"Similarly,":[223],"not":[227],"identify":[228],"infested":[230],"fewer":[232,250],"than":[233,251],"weeks.":[235],"We":[236,259],"conclude":[237],"that":[238],"attacked":[247],"weeks":[253],"very":[257],"low.":[258],"noticed":[260],"a":[261],"considerable":[262],"overfitting":[263],"RF":[266],"more":[268],"variables":[269],"LDA":[273],"VIs.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
