{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387829342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10281788","title":"Towards GPS-Denied Spotlight SAR Image Formation","display_name":"Towards GPS-Denied Spotlight SAR Image Formation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387829342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10281788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10281788","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10281788","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022062855","display_name":"Andrew Willis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0756-2132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Willis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina at Charlotte,Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Charlotte,NC,28223-0001"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte,Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Charlotte,NC,28223-0001","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026476253","display_name":"Christopher R. Beam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-409X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Beam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina at Charlotte,Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Charlotte,NC,28223-0001"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte,Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Charlotte,NC,28223-0001","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056763475","display_name":"Garrett Demeyer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garrett Demeyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory,Munitions Directorate,FL,32542"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory,Munitions Directorate,FL,32542","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032881445","display_name":"Kevin Brink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9717-3693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Brink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory,Munitions Directorate,FL,32542"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory,Munitions Directorate,FL,32542","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"7910","last_page":"7913"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.8212798237800598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6738876104354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6366329193115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5654554963111877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.4842045307159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4797740876674652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-signals","display_name":"GPS signals","score":0.4631350338459015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.43925657868385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4362131953239441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.41962915658950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.41686806082725525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4154520332813263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40385085344314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.3836219310760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37351715564727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3327530026435852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18783190846443176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.8212798237800598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6738876104354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6366329193115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5654554963111877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4842045307159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4797740876674652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.4631350338459015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.43925657868385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4362131953239441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.41962915658950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.41686806082725525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4154520332813263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40385085344314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.3836219310760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37351715564727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3327530026435852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18783190846443176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10281788","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10281788","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314062","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02eq2w707"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74377483","https://openalex.org/W266222719","https://openalex.org/W1893275031","https://openalex.org/W1971873204","https://openalex.org/W2026930882","https://openalex.org/W2055988338","https://openalex.org/W2068688258","https://openalex.org/W2425020350","https://openalex.org/W2544339223","https://openalex.org/W2912838597","https://openalex.org/W3009152415","https://openalex.org/W3035210078"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4248597968","https://openalex.org/W2054128315","https://openalex.org/W3144321796","https://openalex.org/W2081423440","https://openalex.org/W2004312940","https://openalex.org/W2560263173","https://openalex.org/W1974846654","https://openalex.org/W2386611723","https://openalex.org/W2366302590","https://openalex.org/W2074018451"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"Aperture":[1],"Radar":[2],"(SAR)":[3],"systems":[4],"emit":[5],"pulses":[6],"of":[7,44,53,57,64,89,122],"(Radio":[8],"Frequency)":[9],"RF":[10,24,79],"energy":[11,25],"from":[12],"an":[13],"antenna":[14,32,66],"into":[15],"the":[16,39,54,65,69,120],"environment":[17],"over":[18],"short":[19],"intervals":[20],"in":[21,115],"time.":[22],"Reflected":[23],"is":[26,83,135],"received":[27,40],"coherently":[28],"by":[29],"a":[30,87,90,98],"receiving":[31,78],"and":[33,72,77,97,108],"signal":[34],"processing":[35],"focusing":[36,47,130],"algorithms":[37,48],"process":[38],"signals":[41],"using":[42,86],"one":[43],"many":[45],"potential":[46],"to":[49],"form":[50],"2D":[51],"images":[52,59,132],"scene.":[55],"Formation":[56],"these":[58],"requires":[60],"highly":[61],"accurate":[62],"knowledge":[63],"state,":[67],"e.g.,":[68],"position,":[70],"orientation":[71],"their":[73],"velocities,":[74],"when":[75,133],"transmitting":[76],"signals.":[80],"This":[81,125],"information":[82],"typically":[84],"obtained":[85],"combination":[88],"high-quality":[91],"Global":[92],"Positioning":[93],"System":[94,102],"(GPS)":[95],"receiver":[96],"highly-accurate":[99],"Inertial":[100],"Navigation":[101],"(INS).":[103],"SAR":[104,112,131],"dependence":[105],"on":[106],"GPS":[107,134],"INS":[109],"data":[110],"prohibit":[111],"image":[113],"formation":[114],"GPS-denied":[116],"contexts":[117],"which":[118],"limit":[119],"application":[121],"this":[123],"technology.":[124],"work":[126],"investigates":[127],"approaches":[128],"for":[129],"unavailable.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}