{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387803776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10281648","title":"Credible Recognition of Radar Images: Interpretability Metric and Classification Score","display_name":"Credible Recognition of Radar Images: Interpretability Metric and Classification Score","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387803776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10281648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10281648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10281648","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037092562","display_name":"Amir Hosein Oveis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6057-8459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hosein Oveis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pisa,Department of Information Engineering,Pisa,Italy","Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT), Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pisa,Department of Information Engineering,Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032865843","display_name":"Elisa Giusti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-6509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Giusti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT),Pisa,Italy","Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT), Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT),Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075737995","display_name":"Selenia Ghio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-0839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selenia Ghio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT),Pisa,Italy","Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT), Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT),Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064345865","display_name":"Giulio Meucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5472-2186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giulio Meucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pisa,Department of Information Engineering,Pisa,Italy","Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT), Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pisa,Department of Information Engineering,Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031990101","display_name":"Marco Martorella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8985-5069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Martorella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT),Pisa,Italy","Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK","Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT), Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT),Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS) Laboratory (CNIT), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1084","last_page":"1087"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9076932668685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7355468273162842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7329404950141907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.6412885189056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6250762939453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6246556043624878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.538749098777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5331166386604309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.4640580415725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45714619755744934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4552021622657776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4381639063358307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.37306511402130127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9076932668685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7355468273162842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7329404950141907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.6412885189056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6250762939453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6246556043624878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.538749098777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5331166386604309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.4640580415725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45714619755744934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4552021622657776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4381639063358307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.37306511402130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10281648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10281648","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/1fd12938-d1d1-4a52-b757-e43846c9b5d0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85178334378&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/1fd12938-d1d1-4a52-b757-e43846c9b5d0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/1fd12938-d1d1-4a52-b757-e43846c9b5d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2921802966","https://openalex.org/W2958089299","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W3029137193","https://openalex.org/W3081876271","https://openalex.org/W3093764775","https://openalex.org/W3101981467","https://openalex.org/W3124373176","https://openalex.org/W3159164673","https://openalex.org/W4205347220","https://openalex.org/W4225286314","https://openalex.org/W4229363443","https://openalex.org/W4285109760","https://openalex.org/W4296742156","https://openalex.org/W4312553145","https://openalex.org/W4313476610","https://openalex.org/W4402843978","https://openalex.org/W6790587931","https://openalex.org/W6848127001","https://openalex.org/W7051523147"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137365474","https://openalex.org/W2886347302","https://openalex.org/W2784759481","https://openalex.org/W1545594509","https://openalex.org/W3130755980","https://openalex.org/W3038591045","https://openalex.org/W1988723959","https://openalex.org/W2053024573","https://openalex.org/W2773828237","https://openalex.org/W2887270943"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"target":[1,110],"recognition":[2],"(ATR)":[3],"is":[4,49,115],"one":[5],"of":[6,11,19,62,92,104],"the":[7,17,40,71,89,95,98,105,113,121,130],"most":[8],"demanding":[9],"applications":[10],"synthetic":[12],"aperture":[13],"radar":[14,20],"(SAR)":[15],"in":[16,45],"field":[18],"reconnaissance":[21],"and":[22,34,43],"surveillance.":[23],"Convolutional":[24],"neural":[25],"networks":[26],"(CNNs)":[27],"have":[28],"been":[29,55],"extensively":[30],"employed":[31],"for":[32],"SAR-ATR":[33],"obtained":[35],"remarkable":[36],"accuracy.":[37],"However,":[38],"regarding":[39],"black-box":[41],"nature":[42],"non-transparency":[44],"decision-making,":[46],"CNN\u2019s":[47,63],"reliability":[48],"unsatisfactory.":[50],"Recently,":[51],"some":[52],"progress":[53],"has":[54],"made":[56],"toward":[57],"providing":[58],"a":[59],"visual":[60],"explanation":[61],"classification":[64],"procedure.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67],"paper,":[68],"we":[69],"employ":[70],"Local":[72],"Interpretable":[73],"Model-agnostic":[74],"Explanation":[75],"(LIME)":[76],"algorithm":[77],"to":[78,87],"propose":[79],"an":[80],"interpretability":[81],"metric":[82],"that":[83],"can":[84,100],"be":[85],"helpful":[86],"evaluate":[88],"overall":[90],"robustness":[91],"CNNs.":[93],"Using":[94],"proposed":[96],"framework,":[97],"user":[99],"infer":[101],"what":[102],"proportion":[103],"results":[106],"are":[107,127],"based":[108,116],"on":[109,117],"features,":[111],"while":[112],"remainder":[114],"irrelevant":[118],"correlations":[119],"from":[120],"background":[122],"clutter.":[123],"The":[124],"theoretical":[125],"findings":[126],"validated":[128],"by":[129],"public":[131],"MSTAR":[132],"database.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
