{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207377935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9555147","title":"End-to-End Semantic Segmentation and Boundary Regularization of Buildings from Satellite Imagery","display_name":"End-to-End Semantic Segmentation and Boundary Regularization of Buildings from Satellite Imagery","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207377935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9555147","mag":"3207377935"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9555147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9555147","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100624316","display_name":"Qingyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1067-1222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany","Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062335461","display_name":"Stefano Zorzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3537-4649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Zorzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061007704","display_name":"Yilei Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7386-0026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilei Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Technology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Technology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068079834","display_name":"Friedrich Fraundorfer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Friedrich Fraundorfer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Graz, Austria","Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068384981","display_name":"Xiao Xiang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5530-3613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Xiang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany","Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2418,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92594055,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2508","last_page":"2511"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7339029908180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.7201634049415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6773155927658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6216434240341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5692105889320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.5544388890266418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5301504731178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.5149829983711243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4669346213340759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4613035321235657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.43739306926727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43054667115211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.39774835109710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.334025114774704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.19678673148155212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1333082914352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10311663150787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09126996994018555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7339029908180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.7201634049415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6773155927658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6216434240341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5692105889320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5544388890266418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5301504731178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.5149829983711243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4669346213340759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4613035321235657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.43739306926727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43054667115211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.39774835109710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.334025114774704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19678673148155212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1333082914352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10311663150787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09126996994018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9555147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9555147","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:146122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9555147>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Konferenzbeitrag"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1699902684","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"[ERC-2016-StG-714087]","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G403728962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VH-NG-1018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320876","funder_display_name":"Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320876","display_name":"Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/0281dp749"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039530979","https://openalex.org/W2559545830","https://openalex.org/W2559597482","https://openalex.org/W2897593716","https://openalex.org/W2898605096","https://openalex.org/W2984066748","https://openalex.org/W2994434065","https://openalex.org/W3006570158","https://openalex.org/W3021057985","https://openalex.org/W3044947951","https://openalex.org/W3163631062","https://openalex.org/W6730192449","https://openalex.org/W6781342517"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1669643531","https://openalex.org/W2122581818","https://openalex.org/W2948658236","https://openalex.org/W2159066190","https://openalex.org/W2117933325","https://openalex.org/W2110230079","https://openalex.org/W2117664411","https://openalex.org/W1507266234","https://openalex.org/W1967061043","https://openalex.org/W2960184797"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Building":[0],"footprint":[1,42],"generation":[2,43],"is":[3,109],"a":[4,35,96],"vital":[5],"task":[6],"of":[7,15,86,99],"satellite":[8,45,101],"imagery":[9,102],"interpretation.":[10],"However,":[11],"the":[12,70,73,80,87,113],"segmentation":[13,21,52],"masks":[14],"buildings":[16],"obtained":[17],"by":[18,69],"existing":[19],"semantic":[20,51],"networks":[22],"often":[23],"have":[24],"blurred":[25],"boundaries":[26,82],"and":[27,53,75,83,119],"irregular":[28],"shapes.":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31],"research,":[32],"we":[33,49],"propose":[34],"new":[36],"boundary":[37,54],"regularization":[38,55],"network":[39,61],"for":[40],"building":[41,65,88],"in":[44,56,116],"images.":[46],"More":[47],"specifically,":[48],"consider":[50],"an":[57],"end-to-end":[58],"generative":[59],"adversarial":[60],"(GAN).":[62],"The":[63],"learned":[64],"footprints":[66],"are":[67,93],"regularized":[68],"interplay":[71],"between":[72],"generator":[74],"discriminator.":[76],"By":[77],"doing":[78],"so,":[79],"straight":[81],"geometric":[84],"details":[85],"could":[89],"be":[90],"preserved.":[91],"Experiments":[92],"conducted":[94],"on":[95],"collected":[97],"dataset":[98],"Planetscope":[100],"(spatial":[103],"resolution:":[104],"4.77":[105],"m/pixel).":[106],"Our":[107],"approach":[108],"much":[110],"superior":[111],"to":[112],"state-of-the-art":[114],"methods":[115],"both":[117],"quantitative":[118],"qualitative":[120],"results.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
