{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206842041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9554562","title":"A Performance Assessment of Polarimetric GNSS-R Sea Level Monitoring in the Presence of Sea Surface Roughness","display_name":"A Performance Assessment of Polarimetric GNSS-R Sea Level Monitoring in the Presence of Sea Surface Roughness","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206842041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9554562","mag":"3206842041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9554562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9554562","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2989291","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081550791","display_name":"M. Raiabi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Raiabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway","[Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054534306","display_name":"Mostafa Hoseini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1284-3422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Hoseini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway","[Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008141761","display_name":"Hossein Nahavandchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0523-5477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Nahavandchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway","[Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040896620","display_name":"Maximilian Semmling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5228-8072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Semmling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, German Aerospace Center (DLR-SO), Neustrelitz, Germany","Institute for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, German Aerospace Center (DLR-SO),Neustrelitz,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, German Aerospace Center (DLR-SO), Neustrelitz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, German Aerospace Center (DLR-SO),Neustrelitz,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052551639","display_name":"Markus Ramatschi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152878","display_name":"Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8jg394","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ramatschi","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ, Potsdam, Germany","German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ; Potsdam Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ, Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ; Potsdam Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102886023","display_name":"Mehdi Goli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2774-0821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176861719","display_name":"University of Shahrood","ror":"https://ror.org/00yqvtm78","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176861719"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Goli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran","Shahrood University of Technology,Faculty of Civil & Architectural Engineering,Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176861719"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shahrood University of Technology,Faculty of Civil & Architectural Engineering,Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176861719"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069893122","display_name":"R\u00fcdiger Haas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2681-9228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Haas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","Chalmers University of Technology,Department of Space, Earth and Environment,Gothenburg,Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology,Department of Space, Earth and Environment,Gothenburg,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035533740","display_name":"Jens Wickert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-5276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152878","display_name":"Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8jg394","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Wickert","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ, Potsdam, Germany","Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ, Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081550791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2684,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51901238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"8328","last_page":"8331"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7971380949020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zenith","display_name":"Zenith","score":0.7947605848312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7389160394668579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarimetry","display_name":"Polarimetry","score":0.5007820129394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.47803932428359985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4546206593513489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-height-considerations","display_name":"Antenna height considerations","score":0.4379875957965851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3872390389442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.3556536138057709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.25404641032218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2438117265701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.2125432789325714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.21133992075920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20548218488693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.07157966494560242}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7971380949020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.7947605848312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7389160394668579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28493345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381","display_name":"Polarimetry","level":3,"score":0.5007820129394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.47803932428359985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4546206593513489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155050386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068623","display_name":"Antenna height considerations","level":3,"score":0.4379875957965851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3872390389442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.3556536138057709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25404641032218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2438117265701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2125432789325714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.21133992075920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20548218488693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.07157966494560242}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9554562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9554562","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de:item_5022145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/item_5022145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401313","display_name":"Publication Database GFZ (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210152878","host_organization_name":"GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/2989291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2989291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"8328-8331","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:530442","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/530442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/2989291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2989291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"8328-8331","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039721961","https://openalex.org/W2255838943","https://openalex.org/W2775738399","https://openalex.org/W2802220396","https://openalex.org/W2900046076","https://openalex.org/W2971357732","https://openalex.org/W2984006467","https://openalex.org/W3004622261","https://openalex.org/W3012559747","https://openalex.org/W3043087949","https://openalex.org/W3045191283","https://openalex.org/W3096312516","https://openalex.org/W6692257016"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195540759","https://openalex.org/W4245506192","https://openalex.org/W4214858775","https://openalex.org/W4213257559","https://openalex.org/W3164353934","https://openalex.org/W4212897025","https://openalex.org/W2318251725","https://openalex.org/W4388835555","https://openalex.org/W4319792483","https://openalex.org/W4308585596"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monitoring":[0],"coastal":[1,43],"sea":[2,24,44,48],"level":[3],"has":[4],"gained":[5],"a":[6,29,182],"large":[7],"socioeconomic":[8],"and":[9,62,74,84,101,152,159],"environmental":[10],"significance.":[11],"Ground-based":[12],"Global":[13],"Navigation":[14],"Satellite":[15],"System":[16],"Reflectometry":[17],"(GNSS-R)":[18],"offers":[19],"various":[20],"geophysical":[21],"parameters":[22],"including":[23],"surface":[25],"height.":[26],"We":[27],"investigate":[28],"one-year":[30],"dataset":[31],"from":[32,98,112],"January":[33],"to":[34,37,120,145,184],"December":[35],"2016":[36],"evaluate":[38],"the":[39,99,103,109,113,121,128,146,156,163,178,185],"performance":[40],"of":[41,56,60,138,168],"GNSS-R":[42,140],"levels":[45,143],"during":[46],"different":[47],"states.":[49],"Our":[50,174],"experiment":[51],"setup":[52],"uses":[53],"three":[54],"types":[55],"antenna":[57,66,126,165],"in":[58],"terms":[59],"polarization":[61],"orientation.":[63,123],"A":[64],"zenith-looking":[65,122,164],"tracks":[67],"Right-Handed":[68],"Circular":[69,81],"Polarization":[70,82],"(RHCP)":[71],"direct":[72],"signals":[73],"two":[75],"sea-looking":[76,114,157],"antennas":[77,115,158],"capture":[78],"both":[79],"Left-Handed":[80],"(LHCP)":[83],"RHCP":[85],"reflections.":[86],"The":[87,105,124,131],"Singular":[88],"Spectrum":[89],"Analysis":[90],"(SSA)":[91],"is":[92],"used":[93],"for":[94,155,162],"extracting":[95],"interferometric":[96],"frequency":[97],"data":[100],"calculating":[102],"heights.":[104],"results":[106],"indicate":[107],"that":[108,177],"height":[110],"estimates":[111],"have":[116],"better":[117],"accuracy":[118],"compared":[119,144],"LHCP":[125],"delivers":[127],"best":[129],"performance.":[130],"yearly":[132],"Root":[133],"Mean":[134],"Square":[135],"Errors":[136],"(RMSE)":[137],"5-min":[139],"L1":[141],"water":[142],"nearest":[147],"tide":[148],"gauge":[149],"are":[150],"2.8":[151],"3.9":[153],"cm":[154,161],"4.7":[160],"with":[166],"correlations":[167],"97.63,":[169],"95.02,":[170],"95.35":[171],"percent,":[172],"respectively.":[173],"analysis":[175],"shows":[176],"roughness":[179],"can":[180],"introduce":[181],"bias":[183],"measurements.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}