{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206798694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553971","title":"A Noise-Aware Deep Learning Model for Sea Ice Classification Based on Sentinel-1 Sar Imagery","display_name":"A Noise-Aware Deep Learning Model for Sea Ice Classification Based on Sentinel-1 Sar Imagery","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206798694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553971","mag":"3206798694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553971","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101704211","display_name":"Habib Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7484-9416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Habib Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068415563","display_name":"Salman Khaleghian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2267-8018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salman Khaleghian","raw_affiliation_strings":["UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046749532","display_name":"Thomas Kromer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Kromer","raw_affiliation_strings":["UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082608552","display_name":"Torbjarn Eltoft","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Torbjarn Eltoft","raw_affiliation_strings":["UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083495404","display_name":"Andrea Marinoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6789-0915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Marinoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101704211"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8332,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71490092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"816","last_page":"819"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10995","display_name":"Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.8322646617889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.79128098487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.7044900059700012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6543759703636169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.5680493712425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5543978810310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5538166165351868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5313283205032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-concentration","display_name":"Sea ice concentration","score":0.47466686367988586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.46937087178230286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4629351496696472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-measurement","display_name":"Noise measurement","score":0.44224268198013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4421965777873993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4040350019931793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3979032337665558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.35359102487564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-ice-pack","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","score":0.34998583793640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.2663232088088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-thickness","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","score":0.1670815348625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.11715066432952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.11562111973762512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09045940637588501}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.8322646617889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.79128098487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.7044900059700012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6543759703636169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5680493712425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5543978810310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5538166165351868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5313283205032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194520297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440064","display_name":"Sea ice concentration","level":5,"score":0.47466686367988586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.46937087178230286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4629351496696472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.44224268198013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4421965777873993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4040350019931793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3979032337665558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.35359102487564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161798024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3651008","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","level":3,"score":0.34998583793640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.2663232088088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149767477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440066","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","level":4,"score":0.1670815348625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.11715066432952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.11562111973762512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09045940637588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553971","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3054598429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2772239202","https://openalex.org/W2773386658","https://openalex.org/W3001804068","https://openalex.org/W3037914990","https://openalex.org/W3045487404","https://openalex.org/W3165630282","https://openalex.org/W6637373629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4221057659","https://openalex.org/W2164999252","https://openalex.org/W1998380203","https://openalex.org/W206690607","https://openalex.org/W2486603219","https://openalex.org/W4240873802","https://openalex.org/W4206924364","https://openalex.org/W4225783348","https://openalex.org/W835875322","https://openalex.org/W2093093864"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,36],"additive":[1],"system":[2],"noise":[3,26,48,67,137],"in":[4,85],"synthetic":[5],"aperture":[6],"radar":[7],"(SAR)":[8],"imagery":[9],"is":[10,44],"a":[11,55,70],"challenging":[12],"problem":[13],"for":[14,21,93,103,111],"the":[15,28,31,51,65,74,77,101,151,155],"operational":[16],"use":[17],"of":[18,30,40,131,154],"SAR":[19],"data":[20,129,135],"sea":[22,32,94,108,133],"ice":[23,33,95,109,112,134],"classification.":[24,78,96],"This":[25],"degrades":[27],"performance":[29,153],"classification":[34],"models.":[35],"most":[37],"common":[38],"way":[39,102],"dealing":[41],"with":[42,87],"this":[43,59],"to":[45],"remove":[46],"mean":[47],"profiles":[49,68],"from":[50],"backscatter":[52],"intensities":[53],"as":[54,69],"preprocessing":[56],"step.":[57],"In":[58],"study":[60,149],"we":[61,120],"investigate":[62],"how":[63],"including":[64],"nominal":[66],"feature":[71],"directly":[72],"into":[73],"model":[75,92,125,157],"affects":[76],"Our":[79,147],"noise-aware":[80,123,160],"approach":[81],"can":[82],"be":[83],"used":[84],"conjunction":[86],"any":[88],"other":[89],"deep":[90,124],"learning":[91],"Hence":[97],"our":[98,117,122],"findings":[99],"pave":[100],"getting":[104],"refined":[105],"and":[106,136],"smoother":[107],"maps":[110],"charting.":[113],"For":[114],"experimentally":[115],"evaluating":[116],"proposed":[118],"approach,":[119],"train":[121],"using":[126],"carefully":[127],"labeled":[128],"consisting":[130],"both":[132],"profile.":[138],"We":[139],"present":[140],"validation":[141,145],"results":[142],"considering":[143],"separate":[144],"data.":[146],"empirical":[148],"confirms":[150],"superior":[152],"CNN":[156],"driven":[158],"by":[159],"characteristics.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}