{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204982343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553018","title":"Benchmarking Change Detection in Urban 3D Point Clouds","display_name":"Benchmarking Change Detection in Urban 3D Point Clouds","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204982343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553018","mag":"3204982343"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553018","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058543438","display_name":"Iris de G\u00e9lis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3030-1907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802204017","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/04ed7fw48","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802204017"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164500","display_name":"Magellium (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/05r2f2383","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164500"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iris De Gelis","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRISA UMR 6074, Universit\u00e9 Bretagne-Sud, Vannes, France","Magellium, Toulouse, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRISA UMR 6074, Universit\u00e9 Bretagne-Sud, Vannes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magellium, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024171000","display_name":"S\u00e9bastien Lef\u00e8vre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-8202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802204017","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/04ed7fw48","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802204017"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastien Lefevre","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRISA UMR 6074, Universit\u00e9 Bretagne-Sud, Vannes, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRISA UMR 6074, Universit\u00e9 Bretagne-Sud, Vannes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046531394","display_name":"Thomas Corpetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0257-138X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153176","display_name":"Littoral, Environnement, T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection, G\u00e9omatique","ror":"https://ror.org/05sat2s07","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I3124938446","https://openalex.org/I4387153176","https://openalex.org/I4405260085","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56067802","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/015m7wh34","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Corpetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, LETG UMR 6554,Rennes,France,F-35000"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, LETG UMR 6554,Rennes,France,F-35000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153176","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046655573","display_name":"Thomas Ristorcelli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164500","display_name":"Magellium (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/05r2f2383","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164500"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Ristorcelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Magellium,Toulouse,France,F-31000"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magellium,Toulouse,France,F-31000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081311582","display_name":"Chlo\u00e9 Thenoz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164500","display_name":"Magellium (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/05r2f2383","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164500"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chloe Thenoz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Magellium,Toulouse,France,F-31000"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magellium,Toulouse,France,F-31000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007397898","display_name":"Pierre Lassalle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799535048","display_name":"Centre National d'\u00c9tudes Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1h0y33","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierre Lassalle","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNES,Toulouse,France,F-31000"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNES,Toulouse,France,F-31000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7325,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67124439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3352","last_page":"3355"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.7741149663925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7402995824813843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7067751884460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.688243567943573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6429374814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5947464108467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5892649292945862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5453781485557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.463023841381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45287877321243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.44303157925605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.43694087862968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4367585778236389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4307194948196411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4175732135772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3902168869972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.26854223012924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1877896785736084}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7741149663925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7402995824813843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7067751884460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.688243567943573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6429374814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5947464108467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5892649292945862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5453781485557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.463023841381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45287877321243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.44303157925605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.43694087862968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4367585778236389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4307194948196411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4175732135772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3902168869972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.26854223012924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1877896785736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553018","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321519","display_name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1h0y33"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173687888","https://openalex.org/W1975809100","https://openalex.org/W2031611300","https://openalex.org/W2184147624","https://openalex.org/W2543281563","https://openalex.org/W2789868482","https://openalex.org/W2944880913","https://openalex.org/W2969723782","https://openalex.org/W2980698124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687","https://openalex.org/W2000169967","https://openalex.org/W2112883198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"According":[0],"to":[1,11,28,35,67,76,92,155,182],"the":[2,177,188],"United":[3],"Nations,":[4],"70%":[5],"of":[6,137],"earth":[7],"population":[8],"is":[9,24,50],"going":[10],"live":[12],"in":[13,58,83,158],"cities":[14],"by":[15],"2050.":[16],"Given":[17],"this":[18,63,69],"fast":[19],"urban":[20,22,59,103],"evolution,":[21],"monitoring":[23],"a":[25,73,84],"key":[26],"process":[27],"qualify":[29],"sustainable":[30],"development.":[31],"Vertical":[32],"changes":[33,138],"need":[34],"be":[36],"assessed,":[37],"and":[38,71,95,122,127,134,146],"various":[39],"methods":[40,101,106,171],"for":[41,102,172],"3D":[42,79,98,173],"change":[43,99,174],"detection":[44,100],"have":[45,153],"been":[46],"published.":[47],"However,":[48],"there":[49],"no":[51],"common":[52],"quantitative":[53],"benchmark":[54],"assessing":[55],"their":[56],"performance":[57],"areas":[60],"yet.":[61],"In":[62],"paper,":[64],"we":[65,161],"aim":[66],"fill":[68],"gap":[70],"introduce":[72],"simulation":[74],"tool":[75],"generate":[77],"synthetic":[78],"point":[80,191],"cloud":[81],"data":[82,88],"well-controlled":[85],"scenario.":[86],"These":[87,105],"are":[89,107,180,193],"then":[90],"used":[91],"compare":[93],"qualitatively":[94],"quantitatively":[96],"representative":[97],"areas.":[104],"based":[108],"on":[109],"distance":[110],"computation":[111],"(DSMd,":[112],"C2C,":[113],"M3C2),":[114],"traditional":[115],"machine":[116],"learning":[117,124],"(RF":[118],"with":[119],"stability":[120],"feature)":[121],"deep":[123,150],"(Feed":[125],"Forward":[126],"Siamese":[128],"networks).":[129],"We":[130],"distinguish":[131],"between":[132],"binary":[133],"multi-class":[135],"classification":[136],"at":[139,187],"different":[140],"levels":[141],"(3D":[142],"points,":[143],"2D":[144,147,183],"pixels,":[145],"patches).":[148],"While":[149],"neural":[151],"networks":[152,179],"led":[154],"numerous":[156],"success":[157],"remote":[159],"sensing,":[160],"show":[162],"that":[163],"they":[164],"do":[165],"not":[166],"systematically":[167],"outperform":[168],"more":[169,194],"simple":[170],"detection.":[175],"Besides,":[176],"existing":[178],"limited":[181],"patches":[184],"while":[185],"outputs":[186],"pixel":[189],"or":[190],"scale":[192],"attractive.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}