{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312962015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss46834.2022.9884539","title":"Catchment-Level Estimation of Snow Depth Using Sentinel-1 and Ground Sensor Validation in the Upper Indus Basin","display_name":"Catchment-Level Estimation of Snow Depth Using Sentinel-1 and Ground Sensor Validation in the Upper Indus Basin","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312962015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss46834.2022.9884539"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss46834.2022.9884539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss46834.2022.9884539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604196","display_name":"IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013613811","display_name":"Mohammad Sohail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3159-4409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207789805","display_name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05b5x4a35","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Sohail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Water Informatics &#x0026; Technology, Lahore University of Management Sciences,Pakistan","Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre for Water Informatics & Technology (WIT), NCRA Agricultural Robotics Laboratory (NARL), Lahore University of Managment Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Water Informatics &#x0026; Technology, Lahore University of Management Sciences,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre for Water Informatics & Technology (WIT), NCRA Agricultural Robotics Laboratory (NARL), Lahore University of Managment Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101558852","display_name":"Zahoor Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9663-2509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207789805","display_name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05b5x4a35","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahoor Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Water Informatics &#x0026; Technology, Lahore University of Management Sciences,Pakistan","Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre for Water Informatics & Technology (WIT), NCRA Agricultural Robotics Laboratory (NARL), Lahore University of Managment Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Water Informatics &#x0026; Technology, Lahore University of Management Sciences,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre for Water Informatics & Technology (WIT), NCRA Agricultural Robotics Laboratory (NARL), Lahore University of Managment Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007677816","display_name":"Abubakr Muhammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-6707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207789805","display_name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05b5x4a35","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abubakr Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Water Informatics &#x0026; Technology, Lahore University of Management Sciences,Pakistan","Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre for Water Informatics & Technology (WIT), NCRA Agricultural Robotics Laboratory (NARL), Lahore University of Managment Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Water Informatics &#x0026; Technology, Lahore University of Management Sciences,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre for Water Informatics & Technology (WIT), NCRA Agricultural Robotics Laboratory (NARL), Lahore University of Managment Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013613811"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4457,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4260","last_page":"4263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.7598304748535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snowpack","display_name":"Snowpack","score":0.73392254114151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drainage-basin","display_name":"Drainage basin","score":0.5844393372535706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5626102089881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5613524317741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.5233627557754517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-basin","display_name":"Structural basin","score":0.5230032801628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foothills","display_name":"Foothills","score":0.5204751491546631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snowmelt","display_name":"Snowmelt","score":0.4179450571537018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.37703049182891846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.11615201830863953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09398135542869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.09076395630836487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.7598304748535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778877292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18575846","display_name":"Snowpack","level":3,"score":0.73392254114151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126645576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166620","display_name":"Drainage basin","level":2,"score":0.5844393372535706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5626102089881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5613524317741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.5233627557754517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.5230032801628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129536444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1354045","display_name":"Foothills","level":2,"score":0.5204751491546631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64649846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754697","display_name":"Snowmelt","level":3,"score":0.4179450571537018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.37703049182891846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.11615201830863953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09398135542869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.09076395630836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss46834.2022.9884539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss46834.2022.9884539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604196","display_name":"IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997298583","https://openalex.org/W2033265152","https://openalex.org/W2058776629","https://openalex.org/W2743603634","https://openalex.org/W2770475580","https://openalex.org/W2792886864","https://openalex.org/W2994433293","https://openalex.org/W3080307513","https://openalex.org/W3081755906","https://openalex.org/W3126535205","https://openalex.org/W3168808859","https://openalex.org/W3201306419","https://openalex.org/W6795663493"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3143951088","https://openalex.org/W2078145280","https://openalex.org/W649046675","https://openalex.org/W2110091907","https://openalex.org/W410173347","https://openalex.org/W4256303722","https://openalex.org/W4200142003","https://openalex.org/W2617621944","https://openalex.org/W2146373033","https://openalex.org/W147539271"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"studies":[1,175],"on":[2,14,40],"the":[3,6,30,46,62,66,91,115,125,135,177],"cryosphere":[4],"of":[5,49,54,93,109,121,146,152,168,181],"Upper":[7,178],"Indus":[8,179],"Basin":[9,180],"(UIB)":[10],"have":[11,17,70],"mostly":[12],"focused":[13,39],"glaciology":[15],"and":[16,57,75,117,143,158,171],"either":[18],"used":[19,87],"remote":[20,55],"sensing":[21,56],"tools":[22],"or":[23,32],"sparsely":[24],"deployed":[25],"ground":[26,136],"station":[27,137],"networks":[28],"at":[29,65,124],"regional":[31],"basin":[33],"scales.":[34],"This":[35],"work":[36],"is":[37],"instead":[38],"catchment-level":[41],"seasonal":[42],"snowpack":[43,169],"monitoring":[44,84,170],"in":[45,165,176],"little-studied":[47],"foothills":[48],"UIB,":[50],"using":[51],"a":[52,106,118],"combination":[53],"in-situ":[58,160],"measurements.":[59],"To":[60],"estimate":[61],"snow":[63,95,112],"depth":[64,96,113],"catchment":[67],"level,":[68],"we":[69],"processed":[71],"Sentinel-1A":[72],"(C-Band)":[73],"data":[74,154],"validated":[76],"our":[77],"estimates":[78],"by":[79],"an":[80,144],"indigenously":[81],"developed":[82],"ground-based":[83],"station.":[85],"We":[86],"differential":[88],"interferometry":[89],"for":[90],"inversion":[92],"spatial":[94,107],"from":[97],"November":[98],"2018":[99],"to":[100,134,140],"May":[101],"2019.":[102],"The":[103,128,149],"results":[104],"indicate":[105],"maximum":[108,120],"350":[110],"cm":[111,123],"within":[114],"catchment,":[116],"temporal":[119],"216":[122],"validation":[126,161],"point.":[127],"relative":[129],"error":[130],"(RE)":[131],"with":[132,155],"respect":[133],"was":[138],"estimated":[139],"be":[141],"90%":[142],"RSME":[145],"3.0":[147],"cm.":[148],"good":[150],"performance":[151],"TOPS":[153],"spatial-temporal":[156],"baselines":[157],"inexpensive":[159],"offers":[162],"significant":[163],"potential":[164],"future":[166],"applications":[167],"water":[172],"resources":[173],"management":[174],"Pakistan.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
