{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1965453105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2015.7326109","title":"Automated change detection in satellite images using machine learning algorithms for Delhi, India","display_name":"Automated change detection in satellite images using machine learning algorithms for Delhi, India","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1965453105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2015.7326109","mag":"1965453105"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2015.7326109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2015.7326109","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027874892","display_name":"Abhishek Bhatt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7743-6070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Bhatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India","Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041848182","display_name":"Sanjay Kumar Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7849-9313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. K. Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India","Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057528939","display_name":"Anil Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7177-0817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51281103","display_name":"Indian Institute of Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/04a39s417","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289461252","https://openalex.org/I3148377317","https://openalex.org/I51281103"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anil Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, India","Indian Institute of Remote Sensing , Dehradun , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51281103"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Remote Sensing , Dehradun , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51281103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0762074,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1678","last_page":"1681"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.6699875593185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6318942308425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6064583659172058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.5886318683624268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.5644595623016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4891257882118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.487779438495636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.48670271039009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4666692316532135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.45133358240127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silhouette","display_name":"Silhouette","score":0.44173720479011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.43816882371902466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.433908611536026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33121269941329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.30041617155075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21700450778007507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1193394660949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.1145925223827362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.0797865092754364}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.6699875593185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6318942308425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6064583659172058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5886318683624268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.5644595623016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4891257882118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.487779438495636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.48670271039009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4666692316532135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.45133358240127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58103923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2286025","display_name":"Silhouette","level":2,"score":0.44173720479011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.43816882371902466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.433908611536026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33121269941329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.30041617155075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21700450778007507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1193394660949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.1145925223827362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0797865092754364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2015.7326109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2015.7326109","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1831197021","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W1990368529","https://openalex.org/W2036798369","https://openalex.org/W2098731573","https://openalex.org/W2113076747","https://openalex.org/W2117853077","https://openalex.org/W2124128250","https://openalex.org/W2124777595","https://openalex.org/W2127802986","https://openalex.org/W2140232272","https://openalex.org/W2148511782","https://openalex.org/W2161160262","https://openalex.org/W4232023503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1622964048","https://openalex.org/W30315714","https://openalex.org/W1906975550","https://openalex.org/W1965274140","https://openalex.org/W779885325","https://openalex.org/W2150972844","https://openalex.org/W2393615320","https://openalex.org/W2021379394","https://openalex.org/W2153381734","https://openalex.org/W2050072374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,128],"remote":[1],"sensing,":[2],"change":[3,22,84,89,228],"detection":[4,23,85],"is":[5,24,36,229],"used":[6,221],"in":[7,90,96,179,196,231,248],"land":[8,203],"use":[9],"and":[10,59,104,110,124,145,168,187,214,242,254],"cover":[11,204],"analysis,":[12],"forest":[13],"or":[14],"vegetation":[15,253],"assessment":[16],"and,":[17],"flood":[18],"monitoring.":[19],"Although":[20],"manual":[21],"an":[25,97],"option,":[26],"the":[27,42,45,48,71,74,88,93,160,212,238,243],"time":[28],"required":[29],"for":[30,50,53,83,118,198,222],"it":[31],"can":[32],"be":[33],"prohibitive.":[34],"It":[35],"also":[37],"highly":[38],"subjective":[39],"depending":[40],"on":[41],"expertise":[43],"of":[44,73,77,92,121,202,208,224,233,240,245],"analyst.":[46],"Hence,":[47],"need":[49],"automated":[51],"methods":[52],"such":[54,100],"analysis":[55],"tasks":[56],"have":[57,115,156,170,193,219],"emerged":[58],"thus":[60],"gives":[61],"rise":[62],"to":[63,86],"unsupervised":[64,78],"machine":[65,180],"learning":[66,80,181],"algorithm.":[67],"This":[68],"paper":[69],"analyzes":[70],"effectiveness":[72],"three":[75,131,176],"types":[76],"Machine":[79],"algorithms":[81],"(MLAs)":[82],"detect":[87],"some":[91],"dominant":[94],"classes":[95],"urban":[98],"area,":[99],"as,":[101],"vegetation,":[102],"built-up":[103],"water":[105],"bodies.":[106],"Landsat":[107,111,161],"5":[108],"TM":[109],"8":[112],"OLI":[113],"imageries":[114],"been":[116,157,171,194,220],"selected":[117],"a":[119,206],"part":[120],"New":[122],"Delhi":[123],"its":[125],"nearby":[126],"area.":[127],"this":[129],"study,":[130],"indices":[132],"namely":[133],"Normalized":[134,140],"Difference":[135,141],"Built-up":[136],"Index":[137,143,150],"(NDBI),":[138],"Modified":[139,146],"Water":[142],"(MNDWI)":[144],"Soil":[147],"Adjusted":[148],"Vegetation":[149],"(MSAVI":[151],"<inf":[152],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[153],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</inf>":[154],")":[155],"generated":[158],"from":[159],"data.":[162],"Three":[163],"algorithms,":[164],"namely,":[165],"K-Means,":[166],"FCM":[167],"EM":[169],"used,":[172],"since":[173],"these":[174],"represent":[175],"different":[177,200],"concepts":[178],"category":[182],"i.e.":[183,251],"partition":[184],"based,":[185],"fuzzy":[186],"probability":[188],"based":[189],"respectively.":[190],"The":[191,227],"same":[192],"implemented":[195],"MATLAB":[197],"identifying":[199],"type":[201],"over":[205],"period":[207],"1998\u20132011.":[209],"Considering":[210],"both":[211],"intra-":[213],"inter-cluster":[215],"distances,":[216],"silhouette":[217],"coefficients":[218],"evaluation":[223],"cluster":[225],"quality.":[226],"quantified":[230],"terms":[232],"percentage":[234],"that":[235],"depends":[236],"upon":[237],"outcome":[239],"clustering":[241],"number":[244],"pixel":[246],"grouped":[247],"each":[249],"class":[250],"urban,":[252],"water.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}