{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003927364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6352366","title":"Improving anomaly detection with Multinormal Mixture Models in shadow","display_name":"Improving anomaly detection with Multinormal Mixture Models in shadow","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003927364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6352366","mag":"2003927364"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2012.6352366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6352366","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029676061","display_name":"Trym Vegard Haavardsholm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6959-8050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163244428","display_name":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","ror":"https://ror.org/0098gnz32","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trym Haavardsholm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI),#R#                    Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI),#R#                    Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024838064","display_name":"Amela Kavara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163244428","display_name":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","ror":"https://ror.org/0098gnz32","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amela Kavara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI),#R#                    Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI),#R#                    Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021240779","display_name":"Ingebj\u00f8rg K\u00e5sen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163244428","display_name":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","ror":"https://ror.org/0098gnz32","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingebjorg Kasen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI),#R#                    Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI),#R#                    Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089361652","display_name":"T. Skauli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2360-2621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163244428","display_name":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","ror":"https://ror.org/0098gnz32","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Torbjorn Skauli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI),#R#                    Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI),#R#                    Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13019073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8390","issue":null,"first_page":"5478","last_page":"5481"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.7337332367897034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiance","display_name":"Radiance","score":0.7285789847373962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.6930494904518127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6807262897491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.6400861144065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6335018873214722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5187637805938721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5019278526306152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.482357919216156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.4784124791622162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.4384390711784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.43260687589645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.4313291907310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4176179766654968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4168281853199005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.192397803068161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09738042950630188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7337332367897034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23690007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411145","display_name":"Radiance","level":2,"score":0.7285789847373962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.6930494904518127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6807262897491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6400861144065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6335018873214722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5187637805938721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5019278526306152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.482357919216156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4784124791622162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4384390711784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.43260687589645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.4313291907310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4176179766654968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4168281853199005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.192397803068161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09738042950630188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2012.6352366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6352366","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971180200","https://openalex.org/W2003626024","https://openalex.org/W2007435767","https://openalex.org/W2021964110","https://openalex.org/W2024423687","https://openalex.org/W2040511445","https://openalex.org/W2061217393","https://openalex.org/W2061720469","https://openalex.org/W2086506050","https://openalex.org/W2091158826","https://openalex.org/W2114445866","https://openalex.org/W2123817565","https://openalex.org/W2130041555","https://openalex.org/W2141640336","https://openalex.org/W2149324654","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6672341373"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2896728493","https://openalex.org/W2392142157","https://openalex.org/W2043512367","https://openalex.org/W4321518006","https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W2331836163","https://openalex.org/W2024462231","https://openalex.org/W1994657804","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2412485884"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hyperspectral":[0],"images":[1],"are":[2],"well":[3],"suited":[4],"for":[5,39,94],"automatic":[6],"target":[7,36],"detection,":[8],"but":[9],"detection":[10,37,89],"performance":[11,38],"in":[12],"shadow":[13],"is":[14,53,68,105],"often":[15],"degraded":[16],"due":[17],"to":[18,59,83,87,102,107],"effects":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21],"low":[22],"signal-to-noise":[23],"ratio,":[24],"high":[25],"dynamic":[26],"range":[27],"and":[28,76],"spectral":[29],"distortions.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32],"focuses":[33],"on":[34,45,55],"improving":[35],"a":[40,46,61,71,77,109],"specific":[41],"anomaly":[42],"detector":[43],"based":[44],"statistical":[47],"Multinormal":[48],"Mixture":[49],"Model":[50],"(MMM)":[51],"that":[52,70],"trained":[54],"the":[56,65,84,95,98],"entire":[57],"image":[58,86],"produce":[60],"global":[62],"model":[63,99],"of":[64,97],"background.":[66],"It":[67],"demonstrated":[69],"simple":[72],"square":[73],"root":[74],"transformation":[75,79],"hyperspheric":[78],"may":[80],"be":[81,108],"applied":[82],"radiance":[85],"enhance":[88],"performance.":[90],"A":[91],"balancing":[92],"strategy":[93],"training":[96],"with":[100],"respect":[101],"light":[103],"level":[104],"shown":[106],"further":[110],"improvement.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}