{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2058950233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6350691","title":"A voxel-based approach for canopy structure characterization using full-waveform airborne laser scanning","display_name":"A voxel-based approach for canopy structure characterization using full-waveform airborne laser scanning","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2058950233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6350691","mag":"2058950233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2012.6350691","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6350691","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/68086/1/2012_LeitererR_Leiterer_et_al._-_2012_-_A_voxel-based_approach_for_canopy_structure_characterization_using_full-waveform_airborne_laser_scanning_Kopie_.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014588068","display_name":"Reik Leiterer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Leiterer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000291379","display_name":"Felix Morsdorf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6713-1599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Morsdorf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017203201","display_name":"Hossein Torabzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3089-9833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Torabzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017159201","display_name":"Michael E. Schaepman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9627-9565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.E. Schaepman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069880696","display_name":"Werner M\u00fccke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Mucke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, University of Technology, Vienna, Vienna, Austria","Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse, 27-29, 1040, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, University of Technology, Vienna, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse, 27-29, 1040, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081275712","display_name":"Norbert Pfeifer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2348-7929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Pfeifer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, University of Technology, Vienna, Vienna, Austria","Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse, 27-29, 1040, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, University of Technology, Vienna, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse, 27-29, 1040, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024904329","display_name":"Markus Hollaus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-7239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Hollaus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, University of Technology, Vienna, Vienna, Austria","Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse, 27-29, 1040, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, University of Technology, Vienna, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse, 27-29, 1040, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.578,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88454723,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"3399","last_page":"3402"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.7013192772865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6584556698799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.6492877006530762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6418429613113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.4744853973388672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.4438059329986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.38231056928634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.33350449800491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32224535942077637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10605788230895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08257266879081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07059422135353088}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.7013192772865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6584556698799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.6492877006530762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6418429613113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.4744853973388672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.4438059329986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.38231056928634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.33350449800491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32224535942077637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10605788230895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08257266879081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07059422135353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2012.6350691","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6350691","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:68086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/68086/1/2012_LeitererR_Leiterer_et_al._-_2012_-_A_voxel-based_approach_for_canopy_structure_characterization_using_full-waveform_airborne_laser_scanning_Kopie_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Leiterer, Reik; Morsdorf, Felix; Torabzadeh, Hossein; Schaepman, Michael E; Mucke, W; Pfeifer, N; Hollaus, M  (2012). A voxel-based approach for canopy structure characterization using full-waveform airborne laser scanning.  In: Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2012 IEEE International, Munich, Germany, 22 July 2012 - 27 July 2012. IEEE International, 3399-3402.","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"doi:10.5167/uzh-68086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-68086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051291","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich, ZORA","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:68086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/68086/1/2012_LeitererR_Leiterer_et_al._-_2012_-_A_voxel-based_approach_for_canopy_structure_characterization_using_full-waveform_airborne_laser_scanning_Kopie_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Leiterer, Reik; Morsdorf, Felix; Torabzadeh, Hossein; Schaepman, Michael E; Mucke, W; Pfeifer, N; Hollaus, M  (2012). A voxel-based approach for canopy structure characterization using full-waveform airborne laser scanning.  In: Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2012 IEEE International, Munich, Germany, 22 July 2012 - 27 July 2012. IEEE International, 3399-3402.","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2058950233.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2058950233.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963866323","https://openalex.org/W1967892044","https://openalex.org/W1968385740","https://openalex.org/W1976397088","https://openalex.org/W1979678339","https://openalex.org/W1990077509","https://openalex.org/W2009543758","https://openalex.org/W2015160293","https://openalex.org/W2022576632","https://openalex.org/W2030364282","https://openalex.org/W2048017101","https://openalex.org/W2049965548","https://openalex.org/W2076688769","https://openalex.org/W2120122019","https://openalex.org/W2123574709","https://openalex.org/W2129974232","https://openalex.org/W2138060511","https://openalex.org/W2144797736","https://openalex.org/W2145934457","https://openalex.org/W2151169286","https://openalex.org/W2152151329","https://openalex.org/W2157754529"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692","https://openalex.org/W4221065211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Forests":[0],"play":[1],"a":[2,86],"significant":[3],"role":[4],"in":[5],"the":[6,14,21,28,123,132,136,143],"global":[7],"biogeochemical":[8],"and":[9,12,25,30,88,119,135],"-physical":[10],"cycles":[11],"particularly":[13],"complex":[15],"three-dimensional":[16],"forest":[17,97,133],"canopy":[18,98],"structure":[19,34,99],"influences":[20],"fluxes":[22],"of":[23,125,138],"energy":[24],"matter":[26],"between":[27],"atmosphere":[29],"forests.":[31],"Assessing":[32],"this":[33],"quantitatively":[35],"using":[36],"conventional":[37],"fieldwork":[38],"or":[39,75],"traditional":[40],"remote":[41],"sensing":[42],"methods":[43],"is":[44,112],"difficult,":[45],"whereas":[46],"airborne":[47],"laser":[48],"scanning":[49],"(ALS)":[50],"systems":[51],"have":[52],"proven":[53],"to":[54,95,114],"be":[55],"suitable":[56],"for":[57,62],"providing":[58],"explicit":[59],"vertical":[60],"information":[61],"large":[63],"areas.":[64],"However,":[65],"most":[66],"existing":[67],"ALS":[68,105],"based":[69,102,141],"approaches":[70],"include":[71],"manual":[72],"processing":[73],"steps":[74],"need":[76],"additional":[77],"data":[78],"about":[79,131],"stand":[80],"characteristics.":[81],"To":[82],"solve":[83],"these":[84],"issues,":[85],"robust":[87],"automatic":[89],"multi-dimensional":[90],"clustering":[91],"method":[92,121],"was":[93],"developed":[94],"derive":[96],"types":[100],"(CSTs)":[101],"on":[103,142],"full-waveform":[104],"data.":[106],"The":[107],"results":[108],"show":[109],"that":[110],"it":[111],"possible":[113],"develop":[115],"an":[116],"automatic,":[117],"self-sustained":[118],"transferable":[120],"for:":[122],"extraction":[124,137],"CSTs":[126],"without":[127],"any":[128],"previous":[129],"knowledge":[130],"stand;":[134],"bio-physical":[139],"parameters":[140],"resulting":[144],"CSTs.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}