{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4245477989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6350462","title":"Angle of arrival geolocation using non-linear optimization","display_name":"Angle of arrival geolocation using non-linear optimization","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4245477989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6350462"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2012.6350462","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6350462","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025584711","display_name":"Lee Burchett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lee Burchett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology and Research Laboratory, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology and Research Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069097509","display_name":"Stephen Hartzell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Hartzell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology and Research Laboratory, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology and Research Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001812609","display_name":"Garrett Hoffar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garrett Hoffar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology and Research Laboratory, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology and Research Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027387637","display_name":"Jonathan Mautz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Mautz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology and Research Laboratory, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology and Research Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084117282","display_name":"Clark N. Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6417-3715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clark Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology and Research Laboratory, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology and Research Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113508461","display_name":"A.J. Terzuoli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Terzuoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology and Research Laboratory, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology and Research Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025584711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38921436,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"4533","last_page":"4536"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geolocation","display_name":"Geolocation","score":0.9227292537689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triangulation","display_name":"Triangulation","score":0.7503980994224548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6684965491294861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6369302272796631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6200607419013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-arrival","display_name":"Angle of arrival","score":0.49495261907577515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48642396926879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.43114137649536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.4105437099933624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4043402075767517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22625058889389038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1973305642604828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19194301962852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15743869543075562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11549323797225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.09095045924186707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.07961434125900269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.07413488626480103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22041718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638949","display_name":"Geolocation","level":2,"score":0.9227292537689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135981907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188056","display_name":"Triangulation","level":2,"score":0.7503980994224548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6684965491294861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6369302272796631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6200607419013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13545353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363","display_name":"Angle of arrival","level":3,"score":0.49495261907577515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48642396926879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43114137649536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.4105437099933624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4043402075767517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22625058889389038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1973305642604828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19194301962852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15743869543075562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11549323797225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.09095045924186707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.07961434125900269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.07413488626480103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2012.6350462","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6350462","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531532259","https://openalex.org/W1570412413","https://openalex.org/W2033819227","https://openalex.org/W2061395888","https://openalex.org/W2129727074","https://openalex.org/W2157622981","https://openalex.org/W2164887629","https://openalex.org/W2544636830","https://openalex.org/W2549315536"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2163194970","https://openalex.org/W3105229732","https://openalex.org/W2799094075","https://openalex.org/W2994995083","https://openalex.org/W2004214871","https://openalex.org/W1998305185","https://openalex.org/W1603355722","https://openalex.org/W2888929028","https://openalex.org/W2893998721","https://openalex.org/W2007695352"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,26,29,39,47,55,75,91,104,108,118,126,130,140,146,162],"problem":[4],"of":[5,38,107,125,134,154],"object":[6,31,56],"localization":[7],"using":[8],"only":[9],"angle-of-arrival":[10],"(AoA)":[11],"data":[12],"from":[13,45,51,66],"satellites.":[14],"Traditionally,":[15],"this":[16,62,80,110],"is":[17,113],"performed":[18],"by":[19,144],"a":[20,84,98,121],"triangulation":[21],"algorithm":[22],"(TA)":[23],"that":[24,89,117],"minimizes":[25],"distances":[27],"between":[28],"estimated":[30],"location":[32,128],"to":[33,54],"all":[34,166],"lines-of-sight":[35],"representing":[36],"measurements":[37,65],"object.":[40],"However,":[41],"when":[42],"observing":[43],"objects":[44],"satellites,":[46],"differences":[48],"in":[49,64,70,132,165],"distance":[50],"each":[52,95],"satellite":[53],"can":[57],"be":[58],"significant.":[59],"The":[60,151],"error":[61,93,112],"induces":[63],"farther-distant":[67],"satellites":[68,96],"results":[69],"an":[71],"inordinate":[72],"impact":[73],"on":[74],"geo-location":[76,106],"error.":[77],"To":[78],"overcome":[79],"problem,":[81],"we":[82,138],"introduce":[83],"non-linear":[85],"optimization":[86],"(NLO)":[87],"approach":[88],"models":[90],"measurement":[92],"at":[94],"as":[97],"probability":[99],"density":[100],"function.":[101],"By":[102],"finding":[103],"most-probable":[105],"object,":[109],"systematic":[111],"eliminated.":[114],"We":[115],"found":[116],"NLO":[119,149,152],"provides":[120],"more":[122,159],"accurate":[123,160],"estimate":[124],"object's":[127],"than":[129,161],"TA":[131,147,163],"93%":[133],"instances.":[135],"In":[136],"addition,":[137],"analyze":[139],"uncertainty":[141,155],"estimates":[142,153,164],"generated":[143],"both":[145],"and":[148],"approaches.":[150],"are":[156],"also":[157],"considerably":[158],"cases.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}