{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2119617229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2011.6050164","title":"Anisotropy in ocean scattering of bistatic radar using signals of opportunity","display_name":"Anisotropy in ocean scattering of bistatic radar using signals of opportunity","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2119617229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2011.6050164","mag":"2119617229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2011.6050164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2011.6050164","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060215987","display_name":"Rashmi Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5412-9358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rashmi Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","Purdue University, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 701 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2023, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 701 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2023, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044659164","display_name":"James L. Garrison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-9834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James L. Garrison","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","Purdue University, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 701 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2023, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 701 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2023, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087985185","display_name":"Michael S. Grant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6584-9150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319063186","display_name":"Langley Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0399mhs52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael S. Grant","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA","NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23665, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23665, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2886,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65717767,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"4229","last_page":"4232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.6604164838790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6503629684448242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6148211359977722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5534025430679321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5205363035202026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.4899856150150299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crosswind","display_name":"Crosswind","score":0.48017802834510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-mean-square","display_name":"Root mean square","score":0.44472184777259827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.43763384222984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-direction","display_name":"Wind direction","score":0.4217255413532257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.39131826162338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.35944849252700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.2847743034362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.27954375743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.25986286997795105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.22835928201675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.22116565704345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.20090839266777039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1926334798336029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1531258523464203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09469935297966003}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.6604164838790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6503629684448242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6148211359977722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5534025430679321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5205363035202026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.4899856150150299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95082708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931037","display_name":"Crosswind","level":2,"score":0.48017802834510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.44472184777259827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.43763384222984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107775477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057900","display_name":"Wind direction","level":3,"score":0.4217255413532257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.39131826162338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.35944849252700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.2847743034362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27954375743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25986286997795105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.22835928201675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.22116565704345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.20090839266777039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1926334798336029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1531258523464203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09469935297966003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2011.6050164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2011.6050164","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036393665","https://openalex.org/W2054760527","https://openalex.org/W2096453255","https://openalex.org/W2115283904","https://openalex.org/W2117960714","https://openalex.org/W2133418465","https://openalex.org/W2169949952","https://openalex.org/W2329545929","https://openalex.org/W2949922561","https://openalex.org/W2979562478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552252659","https://openalex.org/W2384740663","https://openalex.org/W1550345237","https://openalex.org/W4389310959","https://openalex.org/W1924790511","https://openalex.org/W2037027772","https://openalex.org/W1571230346","https://openalex.org/W2054294739","https://openalex.org/W4365455932","https://openalex.org/W243271449"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,25],"paper":[1],"present":[2],"experimental":[3],"results":[4,261],"demonstrating":[5],"the":[6,28,34,37,48,51,63,67,85,99,105,111,114,131,154,165,175,178,186,195,206,228,237,247,254,269],"use":[7],"of":[8,10,36,40,50,94,107,119,157,239,246,268],"\"signals":[9],"opportunity\"":[11],"from":[12,66,92,190,227],"digital":[13],"communications":[14],"satellites":[15,197],"(XM":[16],"radio)":[17],"as":[18],"bistatic":[19],"radar":[20],"for":[21,113,129,174,236,257],"ocean":[22,52],"remote":[23],"sensing.":[24],"builds":[26],"upon":[27],"previous":[29],"work":[30],"which":[31],"demonstrated":[32],"that":[33,79,101,123,152,225],"shape":[35],"cross-correlation":[38],"\"waveform\"":[39],"reflected":[41,160],"XM":[42,69,161],"radio":[43,70,162],"signals":[44],"is":[45,104],"sensitive":[46],"to":[47,136,145,185,224,252],"roughness":[49],"surface.":[53],"In":[54,134,164],"these":[55],"new":[56],"results,":[57],"we":[58],"compare":[59],"this":[60,102,124],"sensitivity":[61],"between":[62,205],"waveforms":[64],"produced":[65],"two":[68,196,207],"satellites,":[71],"viewed":[72],"simultaneously":[73],"at":[74,200],"different":[75,201],"azimuths,":[76,202],"and":[77,122,159,177,231,241],"show":[78],"a":[80,139,203,217,232],"small":[81],"discrepancy":[82,103,125],"exists":[83],"in":[84,110],"mean":[86,179],"square":[87,180],"slope":[88,181],"(MSS)":[89,182],"retrievals":[90],"obtained":[91,226],"each":[93,191],"them.":[95],"We":[96],"then":[97],"investigate":[98],"hypothesis":[100],"result":[106],"neglecting":[108],"anisotropy":[109],"model":[112],"probability":[115],"density":[116],"function":[117],"(PDF)":[118],"surface":[120],"slopes":[121],"might":[126],"be":[127],"useful":[128],"sensing":[130],"wind":[132,271],"direction.":[133,272],"order":[135],"do":[137],"so,":[138],"two-stage":[140],"estimation":[141],"process":[142],"was":[143,172,183,234,250],"applied":[144],"data":[146,189],"collected":[147],"on":[148],"an":[149,168],"airborne":[150],"experiment":[151],"recorded":[153],"direct":[155],"line":[156],"sight":[158],"signals.":[163],"first":[166,229],"step,":[167,230],"isotropic":[169],"normal":[170,219],"distribution":[171],"assumed":[173,235],"PDF":[176,220],"fit":[184],"measured":[187],"waveform":[188],"satellite":[192],"independently.":[193],"Since":[194],"are":[198],"located":[199],"difference":[204],"MSS":[208,222],"estimates":[209],"were":[210,262],"observed.":[211],"The":[212,244,260],"second":[213],"step":[214],"involved":[215],"using":[216],"bidirectional":[218],"with":[221,264],"constrained":[223],"value":[233],"ratio":[238],"upwind":[240],"crosswind":[242],"slopes.":[243],"direction":[245],"principal":[248],"axes":[249],"varied":[251],"minimize":[253],"total":[255],"residuals":[256],"both":[258],"satellites.":[259],"compared":[263],"Chesapeake":[265],"Lighthouse":[266],"recordings":[267],"local":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}