{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146644098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2009.5417965","title":"Deriving indices of landscape function from spectral reflectance of grassland and savanna on gold mines in South Africa","display_name":"Deriving indices of landscape function from spectral reflectance of grassland and savanna on gold mines in South Africa","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146644098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2009.5417965","mag":"2146644098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2009.5417965","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2009.5417965","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081027183","display_name":"David Furniss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3741-1132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Furniss","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,South Africa#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,South Africa#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078309562","display_name":"Isabel Weiersbye","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Weiersbye","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,South Africa#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,South Africa#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069379803","display_name":"David J. Tongway","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0504-9199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118967","display_name":"CSIRO Scientific Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02cgy3m12","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4210118967","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Tongway","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Australia","CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems\u2028Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118967"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems\u2028Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075366907","display_name":"Robert J. Stark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0330-3907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99686982","display_name":"Elbit Systems (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c684e48","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99686982"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Stark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elop, Elbit Systems Electro-optics-Elop Limited, Israel","Elbit Systems Electro-Optics - Elop, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elop, Elbit Systems Electro-optics-Elop Limited, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99686982"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elbit Systems Electro-Optics - Elop, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99686982"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036114257","display_name":"Niv Margalit","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99686982","display_name":"Elbit Systems (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c684e48","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99686982"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Margalit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elop, Elbit Systems Electro-optics-Elop Limited, Israel","Elbit Systems Electro-Optics - Elop, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elop, Elbit Systems Electro-optics-Elop Limited, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99686982"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elbit Systems Electro-Optics - Elop, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99686982"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029812611","display_name":"H. Nel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42240936","display_name":"AngloGold Ashanti (South Africa)","ror":"https://ror.org/04nmx3106","country_code":"ZA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42240936"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Nel","raw_affiliation_strings":["AngloGold Ashanti Limited, South Africa","AngloGold Ashanti Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AngloGold Ashanti Limited, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42240936"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AngloGold Ashanti Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42240936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085779359","display_name":"E. Grond","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42240936","display_name":"AngloGold Ashanti (South Africa)","ror":"https://ror.org/04nmx3106","country_code":"ZA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42240936"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Grond","raw_affiliation_strings":["AngloGold Ashanti Limited, South Africa","AngloGold Ashanti Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AngloGold Ashanti Limited, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42240936"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AngloGold Ashanti Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42240936"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039496740","display_name":"E.T.F. Witkowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5453-1390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. T. Witkowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,South Africa#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,South Africa#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15516791,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"III","last_page":"1067"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grassland","display_name":"Grassland","score":0.7646416425704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.6112790703773499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.47577133774757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-least-squares-regression","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","score":0.42239925265312195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutrient","display_name":"Nutrient","score":0.41933953762054443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.3997480273246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.38943225145339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.3609447479248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.24899595975875854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.21684706211090088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.20086491107940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1792607307434082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775835988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006733","display_name":"Grassland","level":2,"score":0.7646416425704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.6112790703773499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.47577133774757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22354355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422009","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","level":2,"score":0.42239925265312195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.41933953762054443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3997480273246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.38943225145339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.3609447479248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24899595975875854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.21684706211090088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20086491107940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1792607307434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2009.5417965","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2009.5417965","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62622571","https://openalex.org/W2089464686","https://openalex.org/W2126142391","https://openalex.org/W2134844037","https://openalex.org/W2140959043","https://openalex.org/W2167894638","https://openalex.org/W2183976991","https://openalex.org/W2332799282","https://openalex.org/W2887499311","https://openalex.org/W2929674624","https://openalex.org/W2963154004","https://openalex.org/W6602604016","https://openalex.org/W6685845986","https://openalex.org/W6875860778"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569360120","https://openalex.org/W2377244945","https://openalex.org/W2390860443","https://openalex.org/W2356977795","https://openalex.org/W2390549222","https://openalex.org/W2370363411","https://openalex.org/W2383584122","https://openalex.org/W3143781064","https://openalex.org/W2376626064","https://openalex.org/W4309269549"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"aim":[1],"of":[2,20,56,73],"this":[3],"study":[4],"is":[5],"to":[6],"develop":[7],"hyperspectral":[8],"(HS)":[9],"models":[10,70],"using":[11],"partial":[12],"least":[13],"squares":[14],"regression":[15],"(PLSR)":[16],"for":[17,71,94,129,167],"predicting":[18,96],"indices":[19,38,95],"grassland":[21,81,136,158],"and":[22,42,65,98,110,159],"savanna":[23],"ecological":[24],"condition":[25],"on":[26,53,82,137],"deep-level":[27],"gold":[28],"mines":[29],"in":[30,60,87,142,177],"a":[31,57,178],"semi-arid":[32],"region.":[33],"Landscape":[34],"Function":[35],"Analysis":[36],"(LFA)":[37],"(surface":[39],"stability,":[40],"infiltration":[41,123],"nutrient":[43,99],"cycling)":[44],"were":[45],"derived":[46],"from":[47,134],"four,":[48],"increasingly":[49],"complex,":[50],"vegetation":[51,78,155,172],"types":[52,79],"each":[54],"end":[55],"disturbance":[58],"continuum":[59],"the":[61,74,83,90,122,126,138],"dry":[62],"season":[63,67],"(winter)":[64],"wet":[66],"(summer).":[68],"PLSR":[69],"one":[72],"most":[75],"structurally":[76],"simple":[77],"(non-rocky":[80],"lowest":[84],"rainfall":[85,140],"mine":[86,141],"summer)":[88],"produced":[89],"strongest":[91,127],"validation":[92,130,165],"CoD":[93,128],"stability":[97],"cycling":[100],"(R":[101,144],"<sup":[102,112,145],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[103,113,146],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[104,114,147],"=3D":[105,115,148],"0.70,":[106],"P":[107,117,150],"<":[108,118,151],"0.0001":[109,119],"R":[111],"0.71,":[116],"respectively),":[120],"whereas":[121],"index":[124],"had":[125,163],"with":[131],"HS":[132],"data":[133],"non-rocky":[135],"highest":[139],"summer":[143],"0.63,":[149],"0.0001).":[152],"Increasingly":[153],"complex":[154],"structure":[156],"(rocky":[157],"dolomite":[160],"sinkhole":[161],"woodland)":[162],"weaker":[164],"CoDs":[166],"LFA":[168],"indices.":[169],"Combining":[170],"all":[171],"categories":[173],"or":[174],"mining":[175],"regions":[176],"model":[179],"also":[180],"weakened":[181],"CoD.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
