{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1970544614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2009.5416911","title":"Physical limitations on detecting tunnels using Underground Focusing Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar","display_name":"Physical limitations on detecting tunnels using Underground Focusing Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1970544614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2009.5416911","mag":"1970544614"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2009.5416911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2009.5416911","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036097599","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 \u00c1. Mart\u00ednez-Lorenzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0924-8112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jose A. Martinez-Lorenzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Gordon CenSSIS, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","The Gordon CenSSIS, Northeastern University, 360 Huntigton Ave, Suite 302 Steams Center Boston, MA 02115 - (USA)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Gordon CenSSIS, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Gordon CenSSIS, Northeastern University, 360 Huntigton Ave, Suite 302 Steams Center Boston, MA 02115 - (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084763215","display_name":"Carey M. Rappaport","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9441-9114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carey M. Rappaport","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Gordon CenSSIS, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","The Gordon CenSSIS, Northeastern University, 360 Huntigton Ave, Suite 302 Steams Center Boston, MA 02115 - (USA)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Gordon CenSSIS, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Gordon CenSSIS, Northeastern University, 360 Huntigton Ave, Suite 302 Steams Center Boston, MA 02115 - (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036097599"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3812,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81627429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"I","last_page":"160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10161","display_name":"Rock Mechanics and Modeling","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.8259437084197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.7710422277450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loam","display_name":"Loam","score":0.7326854467391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6703147888183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6117145419120789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.5605024099349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-looking-airborne-radar","display_name":"Side looking airborne radar","score":0.4937654435634613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperture","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","score":0.4195984899997711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refraction","display_name":"Refraction","score":0.4146652817726135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.41415658593177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.1956309974193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18868181109428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.18141385912895203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1764301061630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-water","display_name":"Soil water","score":0.14086943864822388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.09009778499603271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.07182583212852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06634774804115295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.8259437084197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.7710422277450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113578266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131303","display_name":"Loam","level":3,"score":0.7326854467391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6703147888183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6117145419120789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.5605024099349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62282787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831483","display_name":"Side looking airborne radar","level":5,"score":0.4937654435634613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.4195984899997711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205318122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72277","display_name":"Refraction","level":2,"score":0.4146652817726135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.41415658593177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.1956309974193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18868181109428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.18141385912895203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1764301061630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.14086943864822388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.09009778499603271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.07182583212852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06634774804115295}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2009.5416911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2009.5416911","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527747735","https://openalex.org/W2165185016"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2620680451","https://openalex.org/W2028739518","https://openalex.org/W2207211961","https://openalex.org/W3194760687","https://openalex.org/W2765384839","https://openalex.org/W3209314847","https://openalex.org/W2124840667","https://openalex.org/W1908474219","https://openalex.org/W2112228652","https://openalex.org/W4210339226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"studies":[2],"the":[3,46,68,75],"concept":[4],"of":[5],"Underground":[6],"Focusing":[7],"Spotlight":[8],"Synthetic":[9],"Aperture":[10],"Radar":[11],"(UF-SL-SAR)":[12],"systems":[13],"for":[14,21,54,74],"tunnel":[15,69],"detection":[16],"applications.":[17],"A":[18],"general":[19],"formulation":[20],"generating":[22],"UF-SL-SAR":[23],"imaging":[24],"in":[25,34],"realistic,":[26],"randomly":[27],"rough":[28],"ground":[29,48],"is":[30,65,70],"developed":[31],"by":[32,41],"focusing":[33],"space":[35],"and":[36,60],"frequency":[37],"at":[38,45],"subsurface":[39],"points":[40],"considering":[42],"rays":[43],"refraction":[44],"nominal":[47],"surface.":[49],"Imaging":[50],"results":[51],"are":[52],"presented":[53],"two":[55],"soil":[56],"scenarios:":[57],"dry":[58],"sand":[59,76],"moist":[61],"clay":[62],"loam.":[63],"It":[64],"demonstrated":[66],"that":[67],"successfully":[71],"imaged":[72],"only":[73],"case.":[77]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}