{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2103591235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2008.4779440","title":"Extracting Tree Heights over Topography with Multi-Spectral Spaceborne Waveform Lidar","display_name":"Extracting Tree Heights over Topography with Multi-Spectral Spaceborne Waveform Lidar","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2103591235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2008.4779440","mag":"2103591235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2008.4779440","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2008.4779440","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061423926","display_name":"Steven Hancock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-6964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steven Hancock","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, London, London, GB","Dept. of Geogr., Univ. Coll. London, London"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, London, London, GB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Geogr., Univ. Coll. London, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064113664","display_name":"P. Lewis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-9179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK","Dept. of Geogr., Univ. Coll. London, London"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Geogr., Univ. Coll. London, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071762425","display_name":"M. J. Foster","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Foster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, UK","Mullard Space Sci. Lab., Univ. Coll. London, London"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mullard Space Sci. Lab., Univ. Coll. London, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044033108","display_name":"Mathias Disney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2407-4026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathias Disney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK","Dept. of Geogr., Univ. Coll. London, London"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Geogr., Univ. Coll. London, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026635713","display_name":"Jan\u2010Peter M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5077-3736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801549000","display_name":"Tonbridge School","ror":"https://ror.org/02ep9me51","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801549000"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan-Peter Muller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lidar Technologies Limited, Tonbridge, Kent, UK","Dept. of Geogr., Univ. Coll. London, London"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lidar Technologies Limited, Tonbridge, Kent, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801549000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Geogr., Univ. Coll. London, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061423926"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14793518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"III ","last_page":" 684"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.9087730646133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.752849280834198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6438564658164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footprint","display_name":"Footprint","score":0.5559350848197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.4815150201320648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-canopy","display_name":"Tree canopy","score":0.45245489478111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.43087708950042725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.41417834162712097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38816699385643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.3700617551803589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3223041296005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.2369326949119568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.18675115704536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1353338062763214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.10273727774620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08270850777626038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.9087730646133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.752849280834198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6438564658164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.5559350848197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.4815150201320648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39807119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134228","display_name":"Tree canopy","level":3,"score":0.45245489478111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.43087708950042725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.41417834162712097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38816699385643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.3700617551803589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3223041296005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.2369326949119568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.18675115704536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1353338062763214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.10273727774620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08270850777626038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2008.4779440","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2008.4779440","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1356371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1356371/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"     In:       (2008)     ","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W600210939","https://openalex.org/W1978991768","https://openalex.org/W2009550590","https://openalex.org/W2030337367","https://openalex.org/W2104630992","https://openalex.org/W2131408559","https://openalex.org/W2152016466","https://openalex.org/W2154702874","https://openalex.org/W2162298841","https://openalex.org/W2162832400","https://openalex.org/W2169951244"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W1969266378","https://openalex.org/W2045211767","https://openalex.org/W2056219210","https://openalex.org/W2383716249","https://openalex.org/W23916517","https://openalex.org/W4386506415","https://openalex.org/W2497950047","https://openalex.org/W1998329507"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,13],"generally":[2],"agreed":[3],"that":[4],"the":[5,24],"optimal":[6],"footprint":[7,21],"size":[8],"for":[9,50,81,102],"a":[10,19,65,82],"spaceborne":[11],"lidar":[12,34,54],"30":[14],"m.":[15],"Over":[16],"topography":[17],"such":[18],"large":[20],"can":[22],"blur":[23],"canopy":[25,59],"and":[26],"ground":[27,57,68],"signal":[28,83,107],"together":[29],"preventing":[30],"information":[31],"extraction.":[32],"Multi-spectral":[33],"waveforms":[35],"have":[36],"been":[37,62],"simulated":[38],"with":[39,74,89],"Monte-Carlo":[40],"ray":[41],"tracing":[42],"over":[43,64],"explicit":[44],"geometric":[45],"forest":[46],"models.":[47],"A":[48],"method":[49],"using":[51],"multi-spectral":[52],"waveform":[53],"to":[55],"distinguish":[56],"from":[58],"returns":[60],"has":[61],"tested":[63],"range":[66],"of":[67,78,85],"slopes.":[69],"The":[70,95],"results":[71],"are":[72],"promising,":[73],"an":[75,91],"initial":[76],"error":[77],"+/-5":[79],"m":[80],"level":[84],"only":[86],"5,000":[87],"photons":[88],"noise;":[90],"easily":[92],"achievable":[93],"figure.":[94],"inversion":[96,100],"algorithms":[97],"completely":[98],"dominate":[99],"errors":[101],"all":[103],"cases":[104],"above":[105],"10,000":[106],"photons.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
