{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2133246959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2003.1294108","title":"Characterization of shallow underground targets using wideband microwave reflectometry","display_name":"Characterization of shallow underground targets using wideband microwave reflectometry","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2133246959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2003.1294108","mag":"2133246959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2003.1294108","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2003.1294108","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2003. 2003 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37477)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048468304","display_name":"V. Mikhnev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3282-6985"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"V. Mikhnev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radio Laboratory/SMARAD, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland","[Radio Lab., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Finland]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radio Laboratory/SMARAD, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Radio Lab., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Finland]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006433839","display_name":"Ye. S. Maksimovitch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1537-2627"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Maksimovitch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radio Laboratory/SMARAD, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland","[Radio Lab., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Finland]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radio Laboratory/SMARAD, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Radio Lab., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Finland]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043756635","display_name":"P. Vainikainen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Vainikainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radio Laboratory/SMARAD, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland","[Radio Lab., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Finland]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radio Laboratory/SMARAD, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Radio Lab., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Finland]","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048468304"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8331,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78115853,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"1359","last_page":"1361"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectometry","display_name":"Reflectometry","score":0.6430650949478149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.5852671265602112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.580207109451294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5769950151443481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.5370347499847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave-imaging","display_name":"Microwave imaging","score":0.5236834287643433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5113029479980469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.49539005756378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.45324695110321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.44131675362586975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4371243715286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.42906326055526733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4234336018562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.41841214895248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4165903329849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse","display_name":"Inverse","score":0.4159364104270935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.41577214002609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.38165026903152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.31447023153305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.23938527703285217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23064261674880981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22628715634346008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2240060567855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.16010746359825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1584240198135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.1380385160446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.13574862480163574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.6430650949478149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.5852671265602112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.580207109451294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5769950151443481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.5370347499847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010029","display_name":"Microwave imaging","level":3,"score":0.5236834287643433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5113029479980469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.49539005756378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.45324695110321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.44131675362586975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4371243715286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.42906326055526733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4234336018562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.41841214895248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4165903329849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207467116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666","display_name":"Inverse","level":2,"score":0.4159364104270935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.41577214002609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.38165026903152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.31447023153305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.23938527703285217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23064261674880981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22628715634346008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2240060567855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.16010746359825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1584240198135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.1380385160446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.13574862480163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/igarss.2003.1294108","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2003.1294108","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IGARSS 2003. 2003 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37477)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2129286650","https://openalex.org/W2131464601","https://openalex.org/W2147863925"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087993138","https://openalex.org/W2010800332","https://openalex.org/W2620680451","https://openalex.org/W3127689436","https://openalex.org/W2982652090","https://openalex.org/W3198014086","https://openalex.org/W1981675605","https://openalex.org/W2974197226","https://openalex.org/W2767202924","https://openalex.org/W2054774813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"the":[3,15,24,29,36,44,48,86,102],"use":[4],"of":[5,11,35,56,74,78,104,114],"a":[6,32,112],"combined":[7],"signal":[8],"processing":[9],"technique":[10,87],"target":[12],"discrimination":[13,103],"for":[14,90],"step-frequency":[16],"ground":[17],"penetrating":[18],"radar":[19,25],"is":[20,41,88],"investigated.":[21],"To":[22],"construct":[23],"range":[26],"profile":[27],"from":[28,47],"backscattered":[30],"signal,":[31],"real":[33],"part":[34],"inverse":[37],"discrete":[38],"Fourier":[39],"transform":[40],"multiplied":[42],"by":[43,110],"pseudospectrum":[45],"obtained":[46],"same":[49],"data":[50],"via":[51],"eigenvector":[52],"method.":[53],"The":[54,96],"signatures":[55],"small":[57],"underground":[58],"objects":[59],"can":[60,98],"be":[61,99],"subdivided":[62],"in":[63],"four":[64],"categories":[65],"designated":[66],"conditionally":[67],"as":[68,108],"front":[69],"wall;":[70,72],"back":[71],"inclusion":[73,77],"high":[75],"density;":[76],"low":[79],"density.":[80],"Experimental":[81],"studies":[82],"have":[83],"shown":[84],"that":[85],"valid":[89],"both":[91],"strong":[92],"and":[93],"weak":[94],"scatterers.":[95],"approach":[97],"extended":[100],"to":[101],"complex":[105],"targets":[106],"such":[107],"landmines":[109],"creating":[111],"set":[113],"templates.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}