{"id":"https://openalex.org/W22255959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6091779","title":"Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: A Pedagogical Paradigm.","display_name":"Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: A Pedagogical Paradigm.","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W22255959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6091779","mag":"22255959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:22255959","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED188202.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039269154","display_name":"Frank J. Lower","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frank J. Lower","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060864687","display_name":"Jerry L. Winsor","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry L. Winsor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039269154"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00614408,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2011","issue":null,"first_page":"7037","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12678","display_name":"Themes in Literature Analysis","score":0.942300021648407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12678","display_name":"Themes in Literature Analysis","score":0.942300021648407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lawrence-kohlbergs-stages-of-moral-development","display_name":"Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development","score":0.994327187538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-development","display_name":"Moral development","score":0.5989423394203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-reasoning","display_name":"Moral reasoning","score":0.546701967716217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-dilemma","display_name":"Moral dilemma","score":0.5381911993026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4975288212299347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4739016592502594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.4012906849384308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.4001634418964386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.36933842301368713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.2381419539451599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.13142916560173035}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4306678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194783","display_name":"Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development","level":3,"score":0.994327187538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76247681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6909101","display_name":"Moral development","level":2,"score":0.5989423394203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9158031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6909140","display_name":"Moral reasoning","level":2,"score":0.546701967716217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994541713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192568","display_name":"Moral dilemma","level":2,"score":0.5381911993026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4975288212299347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4739016592502594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4012906849384308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4001634418964386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.36933842301368713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2381419539451599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.13142916560173035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:22255959","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED188202.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W104565138","https://openalex.org/W264329395","https://openalex.org/W2166144457","https://openalex.org/W2789648786","https://openalex.org/W2351272944","https://openalex.org/W2389300071","https://openalex.org/W94555999","https://openalex.org/W86876868","https://openalex.org/W2373878434","https://openalex.org/W2951509928","https://openalex.org/W2995037643","https://openalex.org/W573940970","https://openalex.org/W2366442274","https://openalex.org/W2362256829","https://openalex.org/W2561191942","https://openalex.org/W2017053520","https://openalex.org/W2764503256","https://openalex.org/W2381142266","https://openalex.org/W2473784036","https://openalex.org/W2362045383"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0,134],"the":[1,10,29,56,63,70,79,85,93,110,115,120,132,138,144,150],"increasing":[2],"trend":[3],"toward":[4],"Minimally":[5],"Invasive":[6],"Surgery":[7],"(MIS)":[8],"procedures,":[9],"need":[11,151],"to":[12,17,74,142],"develop":[13],"new":[14],"robotic":[15],"systems":[16],"facilitate":[18,143],"such":[19],"surgeries":[20,147],"is":[21,49,140],"more":[22,24],"and":[23,31,60,89,97],"recognized.":[25],"This":[26,68],"paper":[27],"describes":[28],"design":[30],"development":[32],"of":[33,62,92,127],"a":[34,52,98,124],"4":[35],"DOF":[36],"force-reflective":[37],"master":[38],"robot":[39,48],"(RoboMaster1)":[40],"for":[41,58,102,152],"haptic":[42],"telesurgery":[43],"applications.":[44],"A":[45],"two-double":[46],"parallelogram":[47],"introduced":[50],"including":[51],"novel":[53],"mechanism":[54],"at":[55,78,131],"base":[57],"producing":[59],"control":[61],"end":[64,80],"effector's":[65],"linear":[66],"motion.":[67],"eliminates":[69],"deficiencies":[71],"caused":[72],"due":[73],"suspending":[75],"massive":[76],"actuators":[77],"effector":[81],"or":[82],"cabling":[83],"from":[84],"base.":[86],"The":[87,106],"kinematics":[88],"work":[90],"space":[91],"system":[94,111,139],"were":[95],"analyzed":[96],"prototype":[99],"was":[100],"developed":[101],"primary":[103],"practical":[104],"evaluations.":[105],"results":[107],"showed":[108],"that":[109],"can":[112],"effectively":[113],"simulate":[114],"surgeon's":[116],"hand":[117],"maneuvers":[118,156],"inside":[119],"abdominal":[121],"cavity":[122],"with":[123],"Remote":[125],"Center":[126],"Motion":[128],"(RCM)":[129],"located":[130],"backside.":[133],"this":[135],"important":[136],"feature,":[137],"expected":[141],"key":[145],"hole":[146],"by":[148],"eliminating":[149],"inverse":[153],"and/or":[154],"scaled":[155],"during":[157],"minimally":[158],"invasive":[159],"surgeries.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}