{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2094723665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6091356","title":"Comparison of TOA and RSS based techniques for RF localization inside human tissue","display_name":"Comparison of TOA and RSS based techniques for RF localization inside human tissue","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2094723665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6091356","mag":"2094723665","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22255610"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6091356","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6091356","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065889766","display_name":"Umair Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2694-3037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"U. I. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA. uikhan@wpi.edu","Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA. uikhan@wpi.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009247867","display_name":"Kaveh Pahlavan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7821-586X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Pahlavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112006137","display_name":"Sergey N. Makarov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Makarov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"5602","last_page":"5607"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.9356350302696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.6928681135177612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6928201913833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.6534286737442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6133473515510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5747703313827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-difference-time-domain-method","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","score":0.524676501750946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-propagation","display_name":"Radio propagation","score":0.4475994110107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.419002890586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3908165991306305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3442283570766449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.32695773243904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2360706627368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15211710333824158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13333463668823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.09832397103309631}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.9356350302696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.6928681135177612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6928201913833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.6534286737442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6133473515510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5747703313827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184880428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417308","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","level":2,"score":0.524676501750946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202311505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474701","display_name":"Radio propagation","level":2,"score":0.4475994110107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.419002890586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3908165991306305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3442283570766449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.32695773243904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2360706627368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15211710333824158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13333463668823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.09832397103309631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011829","descriptor_name":"Radiation Dosage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011829","descriptor_name":"Radiation Dosage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011829","descriptor_name":"Radiation Dosage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014915","descriptor_name":"Whole-Body Counting","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014915","descriptor_name":"Whole-Body Counting","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014915","descriptor_name":"Whole-Body Counting","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6091356","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6091356","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:22255610","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22255610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105335854","https://openalex.org/W2129891618","https://openalex.org/W2147640122","https://openalex.org/W2548377281"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099208041","https://openalex.org/W1991253695","https://openalex.org/W3083484244","https://openalex.org/W4312122698","https://openalex.org/W2089269333","https://openalex.org/W2026031243","https://openalex.org/W2254346849","https://openalex.org/W335320524","https://openalex.org/W3183617701","https://openalex.org/W1988642011"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Localization":[0],"inside":[1,64,74,102],"the":[2,29,56,69,75,103,125,132,135,157],"human":[3,65,76,104],"body":[4,77],"using":[5],"radio":[6,72],"frequency":[7],"(RF)":[8],"transmission":[9],"is":[10,78,107,145],"gaining":[11],"importance":[12],"in":[13,96],"a":[14,53],"number":[15],"of":[16,24,55,58,68,71,124,134,142,154,159],"applications":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19],"Capsule":[20],"Endoscopy.":[21],"The":[22,35,120,140],"accuracy":[23,57,141],"RF":[25,39],"localization":[26,40,63,130,160],"depends":[27],"on":[28],"technology":[30],"adopted":[31],"for":[32,117,129,152,156],"this":[33],"purpose.":[34],"two":[36,136],"most":[37],"common":[38],"technologies":[41],"use":[42,85],"received":[43],"signal":[44],"strength":[45],"(RSS)":[46],"and":[47,60,81,122,131],"time-of-arrival":[48],"(TOA).":[49],"This":[50],"paper":[51],"presents":[52],"comparison":[54],"TOA":[59,123],"RSS":[61,121],"based":[62],"tissue.":[66],"Analysis":[67],"propagation":[70],"waves":[73],"extremely":[79],"challenging":[80],"computationally":[82],"intensive.":[83],"We":[84],"our":[86],"proprietary":[87],"finite":[88],"difference":[89],"time":[90],"domain":[91],"(FDTD)":[92],"technique":[93,144],"algorithm":[94],"reported":[95],"[1]":[97],"to":[98],"simulate":[99],"waveform":[100],"transmissions":[101],"body,":[105],"which":[106],"almost":[108],"60":[109],"times":[110],"faster":[111],"than":[112],"commercially":[113],"available":[114],"solvers":[115],"used":[116,151],"similar":[118],"purposes.":[119],"waveforms":[126],"are":[127,138],"extracted":[128],"accuracies":[133],"methods":[137],"compared.":[139],"each":[143],"compared":[146],"with":[147],"traditional":[148],"CRLB":[149],"commonly":[150],"calculation":[153],"bounds":[155],"performance":[158],"techniques.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
