{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013675754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6090919","title":"3D optical coherence tomography super pixel with machine classifier analysis for glaucoma detection","display_name":"3D optical coherence tomography super pixel with machine classifier analysis for glaucoma detection","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013675754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6090919","mag":"2013675754","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22255068"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6090919","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6090919","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102000589","display_name":"Jiawei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1133-4294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. xuj3@upmc.edu","Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. xuj3@upmc.edu","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061044862","display_name":"Hiroshi Ishikawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-5748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Ishikawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048557518","display_name":"G. Wollstein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Wollstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030747987","display_name":"Joel S. Schuman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8885-3766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. S. Schuman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2011","issue":null,"first_page":"3395","last_page":"3398"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","score":0.8662177920341492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.757688045501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.71233069896698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaucoma","display_name":"Glaucoma","score":0.6857786774635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6845919489860535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.5290172100067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48492246866226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optic-nerve","display_name":"Optic nerve","score":0.4797614514827728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.44198158383369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.410999596118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38035452365875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.14427289366722107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11923664808273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.0975838303565979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.8662177920341492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.757688045501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.71233069896698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778527774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701","display_name":"Glaucoma","level":2,"score":0.6857786774635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6845919489860535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.5290172100067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48492246866226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780837183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186029","display_name":"Optic nerve","level":2,"score":0.4797614514827728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.44198158383369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.410999596118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38035452365875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.14427289366722107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11923664808273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0975838303565979}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005901","descriptor_name":"Glaucoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005901","descriptor_name":"Glaucoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005901","descriptor_name":"Glaucoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005901","descriptor_name":"Glaucoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005901","descriptor_name":"Glaucoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005901","descriptor_name":"Glaucoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6090919","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6090919","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:22255068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22255068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2382130","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3376357","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1101622633","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 EY013178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G271395789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01-EY013178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7114607434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 EY008098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G853359149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30-EY008098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W121676529","https://openalex.org/W153596868","https://openalex.org/W996025904","https://openalex.org/W2024046085","https://openalex.org/W2056575109","https://openalex.org/W2060022451","https://openalex.org/W2104125540","https://openalex.org/W2117201204","https://openalex.org/W2118518286","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2140072113","https://openalex.org/W2162253476","https://openalex.org/W6605006954","https://openalex.org/W6606083220","https://openalex.org/W6626075299"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125652721","https://openalex.org/W1540371141","https://openalex.org/W1549363203","https://openalex.org/W4231274751","https://openalex.org/W2154063878","https://openalex.org/W2556012038","https://openalex.org/W1489772951","https://openalex.org/W1518215897","https://openalex.org/W1538046993","https://openalex.org/W2500847435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"standard":[1],"quantitative":[2],"3D":[3,34,62,88,123],"spectral-domain":[4],"optical":[5],"coherence":[6],"tomography":[7],"(SD-OCT)":[8],"analyses":[9],"of":[10,32,42,46,60,126,149,162,195],"various":[11],"ocular":[12],"diseases":[13],"is":[14,25,36,91,113],"limited":[15],"in":[16,38,81],"detecting":[17],"structural":[18,197],"damage":[19],"at":[20],"early":[21,193],"pathologic":[22],"stages.":[23],"This":[24,48,185],"mostly":[26],"because":[27],"only":[28],"a":[29,51,95,103],"small":[30],"fraction":[31],"the":[33,39,44,61,127,136,145,150,156,169,177,189],"data":[35,54],"used":[37],"current":[40,178],"method":[41,171,179,187],"quantifying":[43],"structure":[45],"interest.":[47],"paper":[49],"presents":[50],"novel":[52],"SD-OCT":[53,72,89],"analysis":[55,109],"technique,":[56],"taking":[57],"full":[58],"advantage":[59],"dataset.":[63],"The":[64,160],"proposed":[65,170],"algorithm":[66,112,151],"uses":[67],"machine":[68],"classifier":[69,108],"to":[70,83,143,155,191],"analyze":[71],"images":[73,125],"after":[74],"grouping":[75],"adjacent":[76],"pixels":[77],"into":[78,94,101],"super":[79,105,116],"pixel":[80,117],"order":[82],"detect":[84],"glaucomatous":[85,196],"damage.":[86],"A":[87],"image":[90],"first":[92],"converted":[93],"2D":[96],"feature":[97],"map":[98],"and":[99,121,152,181],"partitioned":[100],"over":[102],"hundred":[104,120],"pixels.":[106],"Machine":[107],"using":[110,168],"boosting":[111],"performed":[114],"on":[115],"features.":[118],"One":[119],"ninety-two":[122],"OCT":[124],"optic":[128],"nerve":[129],"head":[130],"region":[131],"were":[132],"tested.":[133],"Area":[134],"under":[135],"receiver":[137],"operating":[138],"characteristic":[139],"(AUC)":[140],"was":[141,172],"computed":[142],"evaluate":[144],"glaucoma":[146,165],"discrimination":[147],"performance":[148],"compare":[153],"it":[154],"commercial":[157],"software":[158],"output.":[159],"AUC":[161],"normal":[163],"vs":[164],"suspect":[166],"eyes":[167],"statistically":[173],"significantly":[174],"higher":[175],"than":[176],"(0.855":[180],"0.707,":[182],"respectively,":[183],"p=0.031).":[184],"new":[186],"has":[188],"potential":[190],"improve":[192],"detection":[194],"damages.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
