{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2088574358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6090220","title":"A vectorcardiogram-based classification system for the detection of Myocardial infarction","display_name":"A vectorcardiogram-based classification system for the detection of Myocardial infarction","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2088574358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6090220","mag":"2088574358","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22254474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6090220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6090220","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102836324","display_name":"Chih-Sheng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8836-4970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Sheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brain Research Center and Institute of Electrical Control Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brain Research Center and Institute of Electrical Control Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064879657","display_name":"Li\u2010Wei Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2529-3391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["TW","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-Wei Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brain Research Center and Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brain Research Center and Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043792804","display_name":"Shao-Wei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4085-8776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shao-Wei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brain Research Center and Institute of Electrical Control Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brain Research Center and Institute of Electrical Control Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027499439","display_name":"Shi\u2010An Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9615-9224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi-An Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brain Research Center and Institute of Electrical Control Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brain Research Center and Institute of Electrical Control Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058936239","display_name":"Chin\u2010Teng Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8371-8197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["TW","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chin-Teng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brain Research Center and Institute of Electrical Control Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brain Research Center and Institute of Electrical Control Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":null,"first_page":"973","last_page":"976"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qrs-complex","display_name":"QRS complex","score":0.7149995565414429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/st-segment","display_name":"ST segment","score":0.6407480239868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrocardiography","display_name":"Electrocardiography","score":0.5577742457389832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myocardial-infarction","display_name":"Myocardial infarction","score":0.5575670003890991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.5357598066329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5251424312591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.5220865607261658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4401390552520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.393447607755661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35875338315963745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111773187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969239","display_name":"QRS complex","level":2,"score":0.7149995565414429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2771771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6576883","display_name":"ST segment","level":3,"score":0.6407480239868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780040984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79785","display_name":"Electrocardiography","level":2,"score":0.5577742457389832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500558357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12152","display_name":"Myocardial infarction","level":2,"score":0.5575670003890991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5357598066329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5251424312591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.5220865607261658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4401390552520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.393447607755661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35875338315963745}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005103","descriptor_name":"Expert Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005103","descriptor_name":"Expert Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005103","descriptor_name":"Expert Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009203","descriptor_name":"Myocardial Infarction","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009203","descriptor_name":"Myocardial Infarction","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009203","descriptor_name":"Myocardial Infarction","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009203","descriptor_name":"Myocardial Infarction","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009203","descriptor_name":"Myocardial Infarction","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009203","descriptor_name":"Myocardial Infarction","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014672","descriptor_name":"Vectorcardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014672","descriptor_name":"Vectorcardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014672","descriptor_name":"Vectorcardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019544","descriptor_name":"Equipment Failure Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019544","descriptor_name":"Equipment Failure Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019544","descriptor_name":"Equipment Failure Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6090220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6090220","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:22254474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22254474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/119500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/119500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1586692934","https://openalex.org/W1739627328","https://openalex.org/W1770825568","https://openalex.org/W1974718993","https://openalex.org/W1977920617","https://openalex.org/W1984595010","https://openalex.org/W1993027062","https://openalex.org/W2073870427","https://openalex.org/W2100537461","https://openalex.org/W2105710559","https://openalex.org/W2105811964","https://openalex.org/W2114959844","https://openalex.org/W2124060436","https://openalex.org/W2130086804","https://openalex.org/W2148248445","https://openalex.org/W2148603752","https://openalex.org/W2171678730","https://openalex.org/W4241812742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3143530631","https://openalex.org/W2013156117","https://openalex.org/W60403443","https://openalex.org/W2472120097","https://openalex.org/W2352918524","https://openalex.org/W2418904649","https://openalex.org/W2029979210","https://openalex.org/W2011708516","https://openalex.org/W3149459938","https://openalex.org/W3030496606"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Myocardial":[0,176],"infarction":[1],"(MI),":[2],"generally":[3,25],"known":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,118,168],"heart":[7],"attack,":[8],"is":[9,60,82,98],"one":[10,61],"of":[11,16,62,66,79,101,110,117,175,199,205,213,216,219],"the":[12,19,63,75,106,111,115,146,173,179,182,187],"top":[13],"leading":[14],"causes":[15],"mortality":[17],"in":[18,96,114,143],"world.":[20],"In":[21,73,178],"clinical":[22],"diagnosis,":[23],"cardiologists":[24],"utilize":[26],"12-lead":[27,67,80,153],"ECG":[28,68,76,132,154,189],"system":[29,69,81,95,127,171,184],"to":[30,139,152,166,211],"classify":[31],"patients":[32],"into":[33],"MI":[34,71,206],"symptoms:":[35],"1.":[36],"ST":[37,41],"segment":[38,42],"elevation,":[39],"2.":[40],"depression":[43],"or":[44],"T":[45],"wave":[46],"inversion.":[47],"However":[48],"unstable":[49],"ischemic":[50],"syndromes":[51],"have":[52],"rapidly":[53],"changing":[54],"supply":[55],"versus":[56],"demand":[57],"characteristics":[58],"that":[59],"several":[64],"limitations":[65],"for":[70,88,172],"detection.":[72],"addition,":[74],"sensor":[77],"placements":[78],"not":[83],"easily":[84,129],"donned":[85],"and":[86,108,145,159,195,223],"doffed":[87],"tele-healthcare":[89],"monitoring":[90],"at":[91],"home.":[92],"Vectorcardiogram":[93],"(VCG)":[94],"clinic":[97],"another":[99],"type":[100],"diagnosis":[102],"plot":[103],"which":[104],"represents":[105],"magnitude":[107],"direction":[109],"electrical":[112],"potential":[113],"form":[116],"vector":[119,141],"loop":[120],"during":[121],"cardiac":[122],"electric":[123],"activity.":[124],"The":[125,202],"VCG":[126,147],"can":[128,149,185,208],"acquire":[130],"three":[131],"waves":[133],"from":[134],"X,":[135],"Y,":[136],"Z":[137],"directions":[138],"composite":[140],"signal":[142,155],"space":[144],"signals":[148],"be":[150,209],"transferred":[151],"through":[156],"Dower":[157],"transformation":[158],"vice":[160],"versa.":[161],"Hence,":[162],"this":[163],"study":[164],"attempts":[165],"develop":[167],"VCG-based":[169],"classification":[170,203],"detection":[174,207],"infarction.":[177],"experiment":[180],"results,":[181],"proposed":[183,196],"select":[186],"proper":[188],"features":[190],"based":[191],"on":[192],"cardiologist's":[193],"knowledge":[194],"principal":[197],"moments":[198],"QRS":[200],"complex.":[201],"performance":[204],"reached":[210],"99.89%":[212],"sensitivity,":[214],"92.51%":[215],"specificity,":[217],"95.35%":[218],"positive":[220],"predictive":[221],"value,":[222],"96.96%":[224],"overall":[225],"accuracy":[226],"with":[227],"maximum-likelihood":[228],"classifier":[229],"(MLC).":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}