{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312198878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieem55944.2022.9989773","title":"A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Crowdshipping Vehicle Routing Problem","display_name":"A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Crowdshipping Vehicle Routing Problem","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312198878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieem55944.2022.9989773"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ieem55944.2022.9989773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieem55944.2022.9989773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607849","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102005175","display_name":"Hong Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5951-6840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University,Department of Industrial Engineering and Management,Taiwan","Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University,Department of Industrial Engineering and Management,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042800316","display_name":"Yu-Sheng Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7191-1587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Sheng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University,Department of Industrial Engineering and Management,Taiwan","Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University,Department of Industrial Engineering and Management,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022537243","display_name":"Jia-Rong Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3204-0045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65196183","display_name":"Tatung University","ror":"https://ror.org/030m18266","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65196183"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia-Rong Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tatung University,Department of Information Management,Taipei,Taiwan,104"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tatung University,Department of Information Management,Taipei,Taiwan,104","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65196183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008410960","display_name":"Chun\u2010Cheng Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9073-593X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Cheng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University,Department of Industrial Engineering and Management,Taiwan","Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University,Department of Industrial Engineering and Management,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102005175"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8658,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73258065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"0598","last_page":"0599"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9767000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.8564785122871399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.8104465007781982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7958323359489441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.7463723421096802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6323914527893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5972156524658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.5324106216430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/travelling-salesman-problem","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","score":0.4636358618736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","score":0.42852693796157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4189998507499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36033254861831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.35412874817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21182969212532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21174532175064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1679498255252838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10943254828453064}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.8564785122871399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.8104465007781982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7958323359489441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.7463723421096802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6323914527893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5972156524658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5324106216430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175859090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322212","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","level":2,"score":0.4636358618736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42852693796157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4189998507499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36033254861831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.35412874817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21182969212532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21174532175064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1679498255252838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10943254828453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ieem55944.2022.9989773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieem55944.2022.9989773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607849","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1928906481","https://openalex.org/W2047328790","https://openalex.org/W2100664567","https://openalex.org/W2174492417","https://openalex.org/W2257483379","https://openalex.org/W2466233884","https://openalex.org/W2582670358","https://openalex.org/W2952332632","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6685520387","https://openalex.org/W6730742100"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W2337920774","https://openalex.org/W2886410948","https://openalex.org/W2025875869","https://openalex.org/W4318823662","https://openalex.org/W3207526114","https://openalex.org/W4286908577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extending":[0],"the":[1,6,68,92,98,106,109,116,132,137,148,153],"vehicle":[2,93,99,133],"routing":[3],"problem":[4],"(VRP),":[5],"crowdshipping":[7,26,130],"VRP":[8],"(CVRP)":[9],"considers":[10,72],"crowdsourcing":[11],"logistics.":[12],"Crowdsourcing":[13],"is":[14,140],"flexible":[15],"and":[16,22,37,76,114,135,150],"convenient":[17],"to":[18,28,30,60,62,66,80],"reduce":[19],"transportation":[20],"costs":[21],"carbon":[23],"emissions.":[24],"However,":[25],"requires":[27],"adapt":[29],"real-time":[31,63],"changes":[32,65],"such":[33],"as":[34],"road":[35],"conditions":[36],"customer":[38,139],"demands,":[39],"which":[40,85],"heuristic":[41,164],"algorithms":[42],"are":[43,159],"not":[44],"suitable":[45,141],"for":[46,142,156],"addressing":[47],"these":[48],"issues.":[49],"Therefore,":[50],"this":[51],"study":[52],"proposes":[53],"a":[54,73],"deep":[55],"reinforcement":[56],"learning":[57],"(DRL)":[58],"approach":[59],"react":[61],"environmental":[64],"solve":[67],"CVRP.":[69],"The":[70,125,144],"CVRP":[71],"single":[74],"depot":[75],"multiple":[77,82],"transfer":[78,103],"points":[79],"serve":[81],"customers,":[83],"in":[84],"cargos":[86,101],"can":[87],"be":[88],"delivered":[89],"by":[90],"either":[91],"directly,":[94],"or":[95],"crowdworkers":[96],"after":[97],"stores":[100],"at":[102],"points.":[104],"In":[105],"proposed":[107],"DRL,":[108],"agent":[110],"explores":[111],"feasible":[112],"decisions,":[113],"revises":[115],"path":[117],"that":[118,128],"it":[119],"should":[120],"take":[121],"based":[122],"on":[123],"feedbacks.":[124],"cost":[126],"effectiveness":[127],"affects":[129],"includes":[131],"routing,":[134],"whether":[136],"concerned":[138],"crowdshipping.":[143],"experimental":[145],"results":[146],"show":[147],"efficiency":[149],"accuracy":[151],"of":[152],"trained":[154],"model":[155],"medium-sized":[157],"VRPs":[158],"much":[160],"higher":[161],"than":[162],"classical":[163],"algorithms.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}