{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409156672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf60004.2024.10943105","title":"Addressing Racial Disparities in Pulse Oximetry: A Machine Learning Perspective","display_name":"Addressing Racial Disparities in Pulse Oximetry: A Machine Learning Perspective","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409156672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf60004.2024.10943105"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ieeeconf60004.2024.10943105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf60004.2024.10943105","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 58th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115513471","display_name":"Hakan Burak Karli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hakan B. Karli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,East Lansing,MI,USA,48824"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,East Lansing,MI,USA,48824","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000355345","display_name":"Bige Deniz Unluturk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-1978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bige D. Unluturk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,East Lansing,MI,USA,48824"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,East Lansing,MI,USA,48824","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3256,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56921691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1230","last_page":"1234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-oximetry","display_name":"Pulse oximetry","score":0.8237340450286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.6452971696853638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5682721734046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33103275299072266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3221912384033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23953399062156677}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780124106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140495","display_name":"Pulse oximetry","level":2,"score":0.8237340450286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6452971696853638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5682721734046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33103275299072266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3221912384033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23953399062156677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ieeeconf60004.2024.10943105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf60004.2024.10943105","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 58th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4958485414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1R01HL172293-01,1R21EB036329-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8536845138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OAC-2203827","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966473319","https://openalex.org/W1996231963","https://openalex.org/W1996518979","https://openalex.org/W2120974255","https://openalex.org/W2142600751","https://openalex.org/W2172180370","https://openalex.org/W3111737151","https://openalex.org/W3204102067","https://openalex.org/W4255575806","https://openalex.org/W4281757670","https://openalex.org/W4292457487","https://openalex.org/W4313888528","https://openalex.org/W4389543162"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pulse":[0],"oximetry":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,133],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"non-invasive":[6],"method":[7],"for":[8,135,146,151],"estimating":[9],"arterial":[10],"oxygen":[11,28],"saturation":[12,29],"(SaO<inf":[13],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[14,31,79,83],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</inf>).":[15],"However,":[16],"it":[17],"has":[18],"been":[19],"shown":[20],"to":[21,36,44,59,76,122,154],"exhibit":[22],"racial":[23],"biases":[24],"in":[25,38,138],"its":[26],"blood":[27],"(SpO<inf":[30],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</inf>)":[32],"measurements,":[33],"primarily":[34],"due":[35],"differences":[37],"skin":[39,102,136],"color,":[40],"which":[41],"can":[42],"lead":[43],"misdiagnosis":[45],"and":[46,73,105,158],"improper":[47],"treatment.":[48],"This":[49],"study":[50],"utilizes":[51],"the":[52,97,115,127,144,156],"publicly":[53],"available":[54],"BOLD":[55],"dataset":[56],"on":[57,96],"PhysioNet":[58],"investigate":[60],"these":[61],"biases.":[62],"It":[63],"employs":[64],"machine":[65],"learning":[66],"models,":[67],"including":[68],"Random":[69],"Forest,":[70],"Gradient":[71],"Boosting,":[72],"XGBoost":[74],"regressors,":[75],"predict":[77],"SpO<inf":[78,82],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</inf>":[80,84],"from":[81,119],"readings,":[85],"incorporating":[86],"interpersonal":[87],"parameters":[88],"such":[89],"as":[90,132],"race,":[91],"with":[92],"an":[93],"initial":[94],"focus":[95],"most":[98],"distinguishable":[99],"groups":[100],"by":[101],"color:":[103],"Black":[104],"White.":[106],"The":[107],"developed":[108],"models":[109],"significantly":[110],"improve":[111,159],"prediction":[112],"accuracy,":[113],"reducing":[114],"Mean":[116],"Squared":[117],"Error":[118],"30.76":[120],"(baseline)":[121],"4.72.":[123],"SHAP":[124],"analysis":[125],"underscores":[126],"critical":[128],"role":[129],"of":[130],"race":[131],"surrogate":[134],"tone":[137],"enhancing":[139],"predictions.":[140],"These":[141],"findings":[142],"emphasize":[143],"need":[145],"equitable":[147],"signal":[148],"processing":[149],"techniques":[150],"medical":[152],"devices":[153],"decrease":[155],"bias":[157],"health":[160],"outcomes":[161],"across":[162],"diverse":[163],"populations.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}