{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393380142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf59524.2023.10476995","title":"Learning Safety Critics via a Non-Contractive Binary Bellman Operator","display_name":"Learning Safety Critics via a Non-Contractive Binary Bellman Operator","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393380142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf59524.2023.10476995"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ieeeconf59524.2023.10476995","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf59524.2023.10476995","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 57th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018563588","display_name":"Agustin Castellano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3491-5746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agustin Castellano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore,MD,USA","Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore,MD,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038819585","display_name":"Hancheng Min","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0600-3854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hancheng Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA","University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029019906","display_name":"Juan Andr\u00e9s Bazerque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9950-1208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Andr\u00e9s Bazerque","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA,USA","University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032910355","display_name":"Enrique Mallada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1568-1833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrique Mallada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore,MD,USA","Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore,MD,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2271,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58279783,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"814","last_page":"821"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.7875999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.7875999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.7771999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.7547000050544739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5800670385360718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.5672992467880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5248762965202332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3718712329864502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3094342350959778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.2467326819896698}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5800670385360718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.5672992467880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5248762965202332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3718712329864502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3094342350959778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.2467326819896698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ieeeconf59524.2023.10476995","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf59524.2023.10476995","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 57th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4486440670","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER 1752362,CPS 2136324","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484739396","https://openalex.org/W1532859487","https://openalex.org/W1549353711","https://openalex.org/W1574960890","https://openalex.org/W1582899597","https://openalex.org/W2057133391","https://openalex.org/W2116364955","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2171505650","https://openalex.org/W2749807327","https://openalex.org/W2798791976","https://openalex.org/W2890106926","https://openalex.org/W2964040381","https://openalex.org/W2968547875","https://openalex.org/W2991391803","https://openalex.org/W3091691175","https://openalex.org/W3119862069","https://openalex.org/W3150718622","https://openalex.org/W3162164975","https://openalex.org/W3162902207","https://openalex.org/W3173331501","https://openalex.org/W3195968524","https://openalex.org/W3214811133","https://openalex.org/W3216656735","https://openalex.org/W4233157081","https://openalex.org/W4281480521","https://openalex.org/W4287629996","https://openalex.org/W4392939469","https://openalex.org/W6687063787","https://openalex.org/W6743756900","https://openalex.org/W6772100842","https://openalex.org/W6784630725","https://openalex.org/W6804793955","https://openalex.org/W6811206064","https://openalex.org/W6838701874","https://openalex.org/W6922480057"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W2142036596","https://openalex.org/W2072657027","https://openalex.org/W2600246793","https://openalex.org/W4238204885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"inability":[1],"to":[2,34,112,175],"naturally":[3],"enforce":[4],"safety":[5,26,45,55,81,87,102,127],"in":[6,20],"Reinforcement":[7],"Learning":[8],"(RL),":[9],"with":[10,105],"limited":[11],"failures,":[12],"is":[13,31,88,136],"a":[14,44,89,106,147],"core":[15],"challenge":[16],"impeding":[17],"its":[18,130,142],"use":[19],"real-world":[21],"applications.":[22],"One":[23],"notion":[24],"of":[25,27,38,80,99,153,172],"vast":[28],"practical":[29],"relevance":[30],"the":[32,39,57,61,68,78,97,100,120,133,154],"ability":[33],"avoid":[35,113,160,176],"(unsafe)":[36],"regions":[37,152],"state":[40,155],"space.":[41],"Though":[42],"such":[43],"goal":[46],"can":[47,158],"be":[48],"captured":[49],"by":[50,84,167],"an":[51,115,164],"action-value-like":[52],"function,":[53],"a.k.a.":[54],"critics,":[56],"associated":[58,104],"operator":[59,71,135],"lacks":[60],"desired":[62],"contraction":[63],"and":[64,128],"uniqueness":[65],"properties":[66,98],"that":[67,86,93,110,157],"classical":[69],"Bellman":[70,123],"enjoys.":[72],"In":[73],"this":[74],"work,":[75],"we":[76,95,139],"overcome":[77],"non-contractiveness":[79],"critic":[82,103],"operators":[83],"leveraging":[85],"binary":[90,101,122],"property.":[91],"To":[92],"end,":[94],"study":[96,129],"deterministic":[107],"dynamical":[108],"system":[109],"seeks":[111],"reaching":[114],"unsafe":[116],"region.":[117],"We":[118,162],"formulate":[119],"corresponding":[121],"equation":[124],"(B2E)":[125],"for":[126,146],"properties.":[131],"While":[132],"resulting":[134],"still":[137],"non-contractive,":[138],"fully":[140],"characterize":[141],"fixed":[143,178],"points":[144],"representing-except":[145],"spurious":[148,177],"solution-maximal":[149],"persistently":[150],"safe":[151,173],"space":[156],"always":[159],"failure.":[161],"provide":[163],"algorithm":[165],"that,":[166],"design,":[168],"leverages":[169],"axiomatic":[170],"knowledge":[171],"data":[174],"points.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}