{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323520914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf56349.2022.10051994","title":"Toward Thermal Imaging Analysis to Characterize Operations of Solid-State Drives via the Temperature Side-Channel","display_name":"Toward Thermal Imaging Analysis to Characterize Operations of Solid-State Drives via the Temperature Side-Channel","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323520914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf56349.2022.10051994"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ieeeconf56349.2022.10051994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf56349.2022.10051994","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 56th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040916066","display_name":"Olivia Shapiro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158971","display_name":"United States Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/00znex860","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I189158971","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Olivia Shapiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026589348","display_name":"James Shey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4595-6957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158971","display_name":"United States Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/00znex860","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I189158971","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Shey","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084101092","display_name":"Jennie L. Hill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0510-383X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158971","display_name":"United States Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/00znex860","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I189158971","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennie Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007146911","display_name":"Robert W. Ives","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0411-0541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158971","display_name":"United States Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/00znex860","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I189158971","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Ives","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081739050","display_name":"Ryan Rakvic","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158971","display_name":"United States Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/00znex860","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I189158971","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Rakvic","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101065608","display_name":"Hau Ngo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158971","display_name":"United States Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/00znex860","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I189158971","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hau Ngo","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063837246","display_name":"T. Owens Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9709-5090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158971","display_name":"United States Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/00znex860","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I189158971","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Owens Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Naval Academy,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Annapolis,MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040916066"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158971"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13360167,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"153","last_page":"157"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10623","display_name":"Thin-Film Transistor Technologies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.890328049659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idle","display_name":"Idle","score":0.7230889797210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6822258830070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5320563912391663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-state","display_name":"Solid-state","score":0.5103532671928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.46058008074760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.45317158102989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.43000173568725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.4109605848789215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4030032157897949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3311735987663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.27162569761276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.15305861830711365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.139690101146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.13113486766815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12761321663856506}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.890328049659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16320812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812200","display_name":"Idle","level":2,"score":0.7230889797210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6822258830070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5320563912391663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107814960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q611957","display_name":"Solid-state","level":2,"score":0.5103532671928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.46058008074760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.45317158102989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.43000173568725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.4109605848789215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4030032157897949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3311735987663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.27162569761276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.15305861830711365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.139690101146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.13113486766815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12761321663856506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ieeeconf56349.2022.10051994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf56349.2022.10051994","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 56th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976120012","https://openalex.org/W2100404320","https://openalex.org/W2561572331","https://openalex.org/W2770195822","https://openalex.org/W2897034628","https://openalex.org/W2899280902","https://openalex.org/W2910205688","https://openalex.org/W3005976963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2582981600","https://openalex.org/W4389238932","https://openalex.org/W4387467152","https://openalex.org/W3010413952","https://openalex.org/W4212885212","https://openalex.org/W4379115910","https://openalex.org/W4287635472","https://openalex.org/W4253989935","https://openalex.org/W2810560948","https://openalex.org/W4298296721"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Solid":[0],"State":[1],"Drives":[2],"(SSDs)":[3],"have":[4],"become":[5],"industry":[6,113],"standard":[7,114],"for":[8,145],"data":[9,18,41],"storage":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,59,90,122,135,154],"their":[13,30],"compact":[14],"form":[15],"factor,":[16],"high":[17],"transfer":[19],"speeds,":[20],"and":[21,63,94,98,108],"low":[22],"power":[23],"consumption.":[24],"However,":[25],"each":[26,146],"SSD":[27,67,126,139],"manufacturer":[28],"uses":[29],"own":[31],"proprietary":[32],"firmware,":[33],"meaning":[34],"the":[35,45,54,57,72,120,148,165],"user":[36],"does":[37],"not":[38],"know":[39],"how":[40],"is":[42,53],"stored":[43],"on":[44,65,111,162],"SSD.":[46],"The":[47],"primary":[48],"contribution":[49],"of":[50,56,147,160,164],"this":[51],"work":[52],"demonstration":[55],"capability":[58],"classify":[60,91,155],"activity":[61],"(read":[62],"write)":[64],"an":[66,87,125,137,158],"versus":[68],"non-activity":[69],"(idle)":[70],"using":[71,82],"temperature":[73,83],"side-channel.":[74],"In":[75],"addition,":[76],"we":[77],"present":[78],"promising":[79],"initial":[80],"results":[81],"signatures":[84],"obtained":[85],"from":[86],"infrared":[88],"camera":[89],"read,":[92],"write,":[93],"idle":[95],"operations.":[96],"Read":[97],"write":[99],"operations":[100,156],"were":[101,152],"evaluated":[102],"at":[103,141],"100":[104],"MB,":[105,107],"500":[106],"1000":[109],"MB":[110],"four":[112,149,166],"M.2":[115],"SSDs.":[116,150,167],"This":[117],"study":[118],"demonstrated":[119],"ability":[121],"determine":[123],"when":[124],"was":[127],"inactive":[128],"with":[129,140,157],"100%":[130],"recall,":[131],"while":[132],"being":[133],"able":[134,153],"identify":[136],"active":[138],"least":[142],"94<sup>%</sup>":[143],"sensitivity":[144],"We":[151],"accuracy":[159],"80%":[161],"three":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-24T23:09:58.560324","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}