{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323520881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf56349.2022.10051906","title":"Degrees-of-Freedom and the Covariance Manifold of an Array","display_name":"Degrees-of-Freedom and the Covariance Manifold of an Array","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323520881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf56349.2022.10051906"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ieeeconf56349.2022.10051906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf56349.2022.10051906","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 56th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006597702","display_name":"B. Friedlander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5133-2433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"B. Friedlander","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Department of Electrical Engineering,Santa Cruz,CA,95064"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Department of Electrical Engineering,Santa Cruz,CA,95064","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006597702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5949,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65986853,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"965","last_page":"969"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degrees-of-freedom","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","score":0.8611850738525391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manifold","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","score":0.7336416244506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.7004407644271851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.689342737197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.5440468192100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4798000156879425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.45271503925323486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4526623487472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43895381689071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.43413373827934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3872112035751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.37603244185447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.2195269763469696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.19955438375473022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.19763672351837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.165422260761261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C208081375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274502","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.8611850738525391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529865628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790740","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","level":2,"score":0.7336416244506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.7004407644271851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.689342737197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5440468192100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4798000156879425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.45271503925323486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4526623487472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43895381689071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.43413373827934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3872112035751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.37603244185447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.2195269763469696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.19955438375473022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.19763672351837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.165422260761261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ieeeconf56349.2022.10051906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf56349.2022.10051906","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 56th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998435731","https://openalex.org/W2003157621","https://openalex.org/W2019945856","https://openalex.org/W2053232949","https://openalex.org/W2098174516","https://openalex.org/W2127303624","https://openalex.org/W2135400807","https://openalex.org/W2149551443","https://openalex.org/W2164390589","https://openalex.org/W2342925881","https://openalex.org/W2343667351","https://openalex.org/W2920114682"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995243476","https://openalex.org/W4300013288","https://openalex.org/W2951020105","https://openalex.org/W2043333398","https://openalex.org/W2886934452","https://openalex.org/W1489099099","https://openalex.org/W1964234337","https://openalex.org/W2024369332","https://openalex.org/W2242301815","https://openalex.org/W1974955043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"key":[1],"claim":[2],"being":[3],"made":[4],"in":[5],"recent":[6],"works":[7],"on":[8,79,109],"sparse":[9],"arrays":[10],"is":[11,47,77,93],"that":[12],"they":[13],"have":[14],"a":[15,40,49,60],"large":[16],"number":[17,30,55,111],"of":[18,31,43,56,72,84,98,112],"\u201cdegrees-of-freedom\u201d":[19],"(DOF)":[20],"which":[21,76],"allows":[22],"them":[23],"to":[24,38,52],"estimate":[25],"more":[26],"signals":[27,113],"than":[28],"the":[29,54,70,73,80,85,89,96,99,110,121],"antennas.":[32],"However,":[33],"there":[34,48],"does":[35],"not":[36],"seem":[37],"be":[39,117],"precise":[41],"definition":[42],"this":[44,64],"term,":[45],"nor":[46],"clear":[50],"procedure":[51],"evaluate":[53],"DOF":[57,92],"associated":[58],"with":[59],"specific":[61],"array.":[62,90,122],"In":[63],"paper":[65],"we":[66],"define":[67],"degrees-of-freedom":[68],"using":[69],"concept":[71],"covariance":[74,100],"manifold":[75,101],"based":[78],"second":[81],"order":[82],"statistics":[83],"data":[86],"measured":[87],"by":[88,120],"The":[91],"defined":[94],"as":[95],"rank":[97],"matrix":[102],"and":[103],"it":[104],"provides":[105],"an":[106],"upper":[107],"bound":[108],"whose":[114],"directions":[115],"can":[116],"unambiguously":[118],"estimated":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
