{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3013679640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf44664.2019.9048724","title":"Fundamental Limitations of Large Antenna Arrays for Millimeter Wave Systems","display_name":"Fundamental Limitations of Large Antenna Arrays for Millimeter Wave Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3013679640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf44664.2019.9048724","mag":"3013679640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ieeeconf44664.2019.9048724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf44664.2019.9048724","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 53rd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084494514","display_name":"Vasanthan Raghavan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4436-9016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vasanthan Raghavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Flarion Technologies, Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Flarion Technologies, Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064901184","display_name":"M. Ali Tassoudji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ali Tassoudji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079220738","display_name":"Yu-Chin Ou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Chin Ou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022045227","display_name":"Kobi Ravid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kobi Ravid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Flarion Technologies, Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Flarion Technologies, Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082031857","display_name":"Ozge H. Koymen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3688-2258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozge H. Koymen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Flarion Technologies, Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Flarion Technologies, Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101501333","display_name":"Junyi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2127-3406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Flarion Technologies, Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Flarion Technologies, Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084494514"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1794199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"1049","last_page":"1053"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.6885398030281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.6128811240196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.6007019877433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5534564852714539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millimeter","display_name":"Millimeter","score":0.5075322389602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.484060674905777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.4713924527168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-steering","display_name":"Beam steering","score":0.45466864109039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.43676233291625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3705539107322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.32529717683792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.31269970536231995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2545015811920166}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.6885398030281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.6128811240196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.6007019877433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5534564852714539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109792285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174789","display_name":"Millimeter","level":2,"score":0.5075322389602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.484060674905777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.4713924527168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.45466864109039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.43676233291625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3705539107322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.32529717683792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.31269970536231995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2545015811920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ieeeconf44664.2019.9048724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf44664.2019.9048724","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 53rd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034651337","https://openalex.org/W2095843437","https://openalex.org/W2103972037","https://openalex.org/W2104185379","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2161044775","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2239864376","https://openalex.org/W2754668621","https://openalex.org/W2783112387","https://openalex.org/W2963144433","https://openalex.org/W2963369598","https://openalex.org/W2964091216","https://openalex.org/W2991722168","https://openalex.org/W3101955402","https://openalex.org/W3106282754","https://openalex.org/W3183354700","https://openalex.org/W6675655641","https://openalex.org/W6696776982","https://openalex.org/W6770576701"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2317169686","https://openalex.org/W1185324648","https://openalex.org/W2539553997","https://openalex.org/W3159902002","https://openalex.org/W3208155863","https://openalex.org/W2363237216","https://openalex.org/W2033762247","https://openalex.org/W2530392398","https://openalex.org/W2070366004","https://openalex.org/W1997983170"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"studies":[1],"on":[2,123],"millimeter":[3,170],"wave":[4,171],"systems":[5],"assume":[6],"that":[7,49,84,121],"(an":[8],"asymptotically)":[9],"large":[10],"number":[11],"of":[12,34,40,63,94,103,110,131,151,159],"antenna":[13,143,154],"elements":[14],"can":[15],"be":[16],"deployed":[17],"at":[18,75],"either":[19],"the":[20,23,95,101,129,149,160],"base-station":[21],"or":[22],"user":[24],"equipment":[25],"(UE)":[26],"ends.":[27,77],"With":[28,78],"a":[29,38,105,117,135,157,169],"typical":[30],"analog":[31],"beam":[32,46,53,119,132],"codebook":[33],"array":[35,139],"steering":[36],"vectors,":[37],"consequence":[39],"this":[41,64,79,81],"assumption":[42],"is":[43,66],"an":[44,51],"initial":[45],"acquisition":[47],"process":[48],"has":[50],"onerous":[52],"scanning":[54],"latency":[55],"and":[56,92,97,113,163],"increased":[57],"power":[58],"consumption.":[59],"One":[60],"way":[61],"out":[62],"predicament":[65],"to":[67],"use":[68,102],"broadened":[69],"beams":[70],"with":[71],"significantly":[72],"enhanced":[73],"beamwidths":[74],"both":[76],"background,":[80],"paper":[82],"argues":[83],"practical":[85],"considerations":[86],"such":[87],"as":[88,142,166],"chip":[89],"area,":[90],"cost":[91],"complexity":[93],"fabrication":[96],"calibration":[98],"processes":[99],"motivate":[100,148],"only":[104],"finite":[106],"precision":[107],"in":[108,127,138],"terms":[109],"phase":[111,125,162],"shifters":[112],"amplitude":[114,164],"control.":[115],"As":[116],"result,":[118],"weights":[120],"rely":[122],"precise":[124],"control":[126],"realizing":[128],"objective":[130],"broadening":[133],"endure":[134],"dramatic":[136],"degradation":[137],"gain":[140],"performance":[141],"dimensions":[144,155],"increase.":[145],"These":[146],"observations":[147],"choice":[150],"more":[152],"moderate":[153],"(as":[156],"function":[158],"realizable":[161],"precision)":[165],"optimal":[167],"from":[168],"transmissions":[172],"standpoint.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}