{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388721157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10312624","title":"LSTM-Based GNSS Spoofing Detection for Drone Formation Flights","display_name":"LSTM-Based GNSS Spoofing Detection for Drone Formation Flights","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388721157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10312624"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10312624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10312624","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IECON 2023- 49th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102928468","display_name":"Zheng Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9942-8431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077619274","display_name":"Xin Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4588-1238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of International Liberal Studies, Waseda University,Tokyo,Japan","School of International Liberal Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of International Liberal Studies, Waseda University,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of International Liberal Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018237556","display_name":"Toshio Sato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7173-7697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshio Sato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007479406","display_name":"Kazuhiko Tamesue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-5490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuhiko Tamesue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038208698","display_name":"Yutaka Katsuyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3750-7692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutaka Katsuyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035607055","display_name":"Kazue Sako","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0890-8083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazue Sako","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002294739","display_name":"Jiro Katto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1671-2614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiro Katto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101848699","display_name":"Takuro Sato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1172-8131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takuro Sato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102928468"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4412,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76386868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9467980861663818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.9431698322296143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.9296690225601196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7093619108200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5622520446777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.49551427364349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.44097089767456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22311890125274658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17273220419883728}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9467980861663818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.9431698322296143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.9296690225601196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7093619108200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5622520446777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.49551427364349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.44097089767456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22311890125274658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17273220419883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10312624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10312624","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IECON 2023- 49th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1921864689","https://openalex.org/W2068984656","https://openalex.org/W2625043143","https://openalex.org/W2955125114","https://openalex.org/W3009255429","https://openalex.org/W3046156884","https://openalex.org/W3083997822","https://openalex.org/W3175710668","https://openalex.org/W4211200127","https://openalex.org/W4285105424"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W4312670159","https://openalex.org/W3126564540","https://openalex.org/W2968223354","https://openalex.org/W3008363920","https://openalex.org/W2088717005","https://openalex.org/W3206448138","https://openalex.org/W4319430861","https://openalex.org/W3200530419","https://openalex.org/W4379876618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,67],"the":[1,33,81,117,144,189,197],"rapidly":[2],"evolving":[3],"logistics":[4],"industry,":[5],"drones":[6,171],"are":[7,55],"becoming":[8],"indispensable":[9],"for":[10,48],"automated":[11],"delivery":[12],"operations.":[13,203],"As":[14],"drone":[15,29,88,202],"traffic":[16],"escalates,":[17],"formation":[18,90,128,173],"flying":[19],"is":[20,114],"being":[21],"explored":[22],"to":[23,57,75],"enhance":[24],"operational":[25],"control":[26],"and":[27,132,199],"increase":[28],"density,":[30],"thereby":[31],"reducing":[32],"space":[34],"they":[35],"occupy.":[36],"Drones":[37],"typically":[38],"rely":[39],"on":[40,121],"Global":[41],"Navigation":[42],"Satellite":[43],"System":[44],"(GNSS)":[45],"positioning":[46],"information":[47,84],"autonomous":[49],"flight.":[50,91],"However,":[51],"civilian-grade":[52],"GNSS":[53,77,83,96,139,168],"devices":[54],"susceptible":[56],"spoofing":[58,78,104,140],"via":[59],"Software":[60],"Defined":[61],"Radio":[62],"(SDR),":[63],"posing":[64],"significant":[65],"challenges.":[66],"this":[68,122],"study,":[69],"we":[70,124],"introduce":[71],"a":[72,107,138],"novel":[73],"approach":[74],"detect":[76],"by":[79,99],"leveraging":[80],"multiple":[82,167],"available":[85],"from":[86,170],"each":[87],"during":[89],"Our":[92],"investigations,":[93],"involving":[94,130],"two":[95,111,131],"receivers":[97,112],"spoofed":[98],"an":[100,179],"SDR,":[101],"reveal":[102],"that":[103,113,165],"results":[105,163],"in":[106,172,195],"calculated":[108],"distance":[109],"between":[110],"smaller":[115],"than":[116],"actual":[118],"value.":[119],"Capitalizing":[120],"characteristic,":[123],"designed":[125],"simulations":[126],"of":[127,152,182,191,201],"flights":[129],"five":[133],"drones.":[134],"We":[135],"also":[136],"developed":[137],"detection":[141,155],"method":[142,156,194],"using":[143,159,166],"Long":[145],"Short-Term":[146],"Memory":[147],"(LSTM)":[148],"network.":[149],"The":[150,162],"performance":[151],"our":[153,192],"spoof":[154],"was":[157],"evaluated":[158],"simulation":[160],"data.":[161],"demonstrate":[164],"data":[169],"flight":[174],"significantly":[175],"enhances":[176],"performance,":[177],"achieving":[178],"F1":[180],"score":[181],"0.96":[183],"or":[184],"higher.":[185],"This":[186],"study":[187],"underscores":[188],"potential":[190],"proposed":[193],"improving":[196],"security":[198],"reliability":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}