{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388736747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10311828","title":"Dual Balancing of SoC/SoT in Smart Batteries Using Reinforcement Learning in Uppaal Stratego","display_name":"Dual Balancing of SoC/SoT in Smart Batteries Using Reinforcement Learning in Uppaal Stratego","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388736747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10311828"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10311828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10311828","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IECON 2023- 49th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/432ae52e-3657-44a7-ad7b-d9dd6f591e08","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042562370","display_name":"Martin Kristjansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0173-9486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Kristjansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalborg University,Department of Computer Science,Denmark","Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalborg University,Department of Computer Science,Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053672511","display_name":"Abhijit Kulkarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8078-6562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhijit Kulkarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalborg University,Department of Energy,Denmark","Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalborg University,Department of Energy,Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028307375","display_name":"Peter Gj\u00f8l Jensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9320-9991"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Gj\u00f8l Jensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalborg University,Department of Computer Science,Denmark","Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalborg University,Department of Computer Science,Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019644280","display_name":"Remus Teodorescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2617-7168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Remus Teodorescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalborg University,Department of Energy,Denmark","Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalborg University,Department of Energy,Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069362159","display_name":"Kim G. Larsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5953-3384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim Guldstrand Larsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalborg University,Department of Computer Science,Denmark","Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalborg University,Department of Computer Science,Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042562370"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.69,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69238862,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-pack","display_name":"Battery pack","score":0.890849232673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.7585240602493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.7522110342979431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6345928311347961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6126704216003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.507953941822052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge","display_name":"Charge (physics)","score":0.5016283988952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-range","display_name":"Driving range","score":0.4519840478897095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.42927515506744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4212604761123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.36665573716163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.32092711329460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23573890328407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1619800329208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1297004222869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08542847633361816}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778508592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420116","display_name":"Battery pack","level":4,"score":0.890849232673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.7585240602493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.7522110342979431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6345928311347961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6126704216003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.507953941822052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73792","display_name":"Charge (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5016283988952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780847881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3177122","display_name":"Driving range","level":4,"score":0.4519840478897095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42927515506744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4212604761123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36665573716163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.32092711329460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23573890328407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1619800329208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1297004222869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08542847633361816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10311828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10311828","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IECON 2023- 49th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/432ae52e-3657-44a7-ad7b-d9dd6f591e08","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/432ae52e-3657-44a7-ad7b-d9dd6f591e08","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kristjansen, M, Kulkarni, A, Jensen, P G, Teodorescu, R & Larsen, K G 2023, Dual Balancing of SoC/SoT in Smart Batteries using Reinforcement Learning in Uppaal Stratego. in IECON 2023- 49th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society., 10311828, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2023- 49th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Singapore, 16/10/2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON51785.2023.10311828","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/432ae52e-3657-44a7-ad7b-d9dd6f591e08","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/432ae52e-3657-44a7-ad7b-d9dd6f591e08","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kristjansen, M, Kulkarni, A, Jensen, P G, Teodorescu, R & Larsen, K G 2023, Dual Balancing of SoC/SoT in Smart Batteries using Reinforcement Learning in Uppaal Stratego. in IECON 2023- 49th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society., 10311828, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2023- 49th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Singapore, 16/10/2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON51785.2023.10311828","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2213609738","https://openalex.org/W2442701636","https://openalex.org/W2588943218","https://openalex.org/W2801506498","https://openalex.org/W2898548282","https://openalex.org/W2912198824","https://openalex.org/W2981739602","https://openalex.org/W3200168823","https://openalex.org/W3214631595","https://openalex.org/W4303943911","https://openalex.org/W4313129541","https://openalex.org/W4323338503","https://openalex.org/W4386260126"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769436535","https://openalex.org/W2034497065","https://openalex.org/W3089665826","https://openalex.org/W2735869303","https://openalex.org/W2980755701","https://openalex.org/W2912747347","https://openalex.org/W4381929093","https://openalex.org/W2790199556","https://openalex.org/W2519883542","https://openalex.org/W2088536121"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Battery":[0,72],"packs":[1],"in":[2,20,30,117,146,165,178,199],"electric":[3],"vehicles":[4],"are":[5,187,218,242,284],"managed":[6],"by":[7],"battery":[8,109,129,140],"management":[9],"systems":[10,25],"that":[11,81,173,183,207],"influence":[12],"the":[13,18,21,35,38,59,62,89,93,99,136,175,222,229,237,246,257,269,272,282],"state":[14,63,210,223,247,276],"of":[15,61,64,126,138,152,192,211,224,228,236,248,256,268,275,277],"charge":[16,65,103,212,225,249,278],"among":[17,37,281],"cells":[19,39,76,283],"pack,":[22],"where":[23,53,74,142],"such":[24,155],"have":[26],"received":[27],"much":[28,252,264],"attention":[29],"research.":[31],"More":[32],"recently,":[33],"balancing":[34],"temperature":[36,233,261,280],"has":[40],"become":[41],"a":[42,50,70,107,124,139,156,171,179,189],"research":[43],"topic.":[44],"In":[45],"our":[46],"work,":[47],"we":[48,54,161],"consider":[49,69],"dual-balancing":[51],"problem":[52],"aim":[55],"to":[56,86,95,122,169],"balance":[57,208],"both":[58],"parameters":[60],"and":[66,128,231,279],"temperature.":[67,214],"We":[68,132,195],"Smart":[71],"Pack,":[73],"individual":[75],"can":[77,111,119],"be":[78,120],"bypassed,":[79],"meaning":[80,182],"no":[82],"current":[83],"is":[84],"going":[85],"or":[87,104,213,259],"from":[88],"cell,":[90],"which":[91],"allows":[92],"cell":[94,100,127,144],"cool":[96],"off":[97],"while":[98],"does":[101],"not":[102],"discharge.":[105],"Moreover,":[106],"smart":[108],"pack":[110,130,141,157],"estimate":[112],"each":[113,143,193],"cell's":[114],"characteristics,":[115],"which,":[116],"turn,":[118],"used":[121],"define":[123],"model":[125,137],"behavior.":[131],"conduct":[133],"experiments":[134],"using":[135],"differs":[145],"its":[147],"configuration":[148],"as":[149,251,253,263,265],"an":[150],"effect":[151],"aging.":[153],"For":[154],"with":[158,203,221],"heterogeneous":[159],"cells,":[160],"use":[162],"Q-":[163],"Learning":[164],"U":[166],"ppaal":[167],"Stratego":[168],"synthesize":[170],"controller":[172],"maximizes":[174],"time":[176,230,258],"spent":[177],"balanced":[180],"state,":[181],"all":[184],"cells'":[185],"states":[186],"within":[188],"specific":[190],"range":[191],"other.":[194],"show":[196],"significant":[197],"improvements":[198],"two":[200,204],"aspects":[201],"compared":[202],"threshold-based":[205,240],"controllers":[206,217,241],"either":[209,243],"The":[215,239],"synthesized":[216],"only":[219],"unbalanced":[220,244],"between":[226,234],"1-4%":[227],"for":[232,245,250,260,262],"15-20%":[235],"time.":[238,270],"37":[254],"%":[255,267],"44":[266],"Finally,":[271],"maximum":[273],"variations":[274],"decreased.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}