{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214109377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589649","title":"Sustainability Aspects of Electrical Machines For E-Mobility Applications Part II: Aluminium Hairpin vs. Copper Hairpin","display_name":"Sustainability Aspects of Electrical Machines For E-Mobility Applications Part II: Aluminium Hairpin vs. Copper Hairpin","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214109377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589649","mag":"3214109377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589649","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589649","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IECON 2021 \u2013 47th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072696504","display_name":"Alessandro Acquaviva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6111-7593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153628","display_name":"Volvo Cars (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/005n5zv88","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153393","https://openalex.org/I4387153628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1340210623","display_name":"Volvo (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b6ypc36","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340210623"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Acquaviva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volvo Cars, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volvo Cars, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340210623","https://openalex.org/I4387153628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085428412","display_name":"Michela Diana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1481-4406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153628","display_name":"Volvo Cars (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/005n5zv88","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153393","https://openalex.org/I4387153628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1340210623","display_name":"Volvo (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b6ypc36","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340210623"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michela Diana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volvo Cars, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volvo Cars, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340210623","https://openalex.org/I4387153628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015664697","display_name":"Bharadwaj Raghuraman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1340210623","display_name":"Volvo (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b6ypc36","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340210623"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153628","display_name":"Volvo Cars (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/005n5zv88","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153393","https://openalex.org/I4387153628"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bharadwaj Raghuraman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volvo Cars, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volvo Cars, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340210623","https://openalex.org/I4387153628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065545856","display_name":"Linn\u00e9a Petersson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153628","display_name":"Volvo Cars (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/005n5zv88","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153393","https://openalex.org/I4387153628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1340210623","display_name":"Volvo (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b6ypc36","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340210623"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linnea Petersson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sustainability Center, Volvo Cars, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sustainability Center, Volvo Cars, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340210623","https://openalex.org/I4387153628"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014665492","display_name":"Shafigh Nategh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6290-2507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1340210623","display_name":"Volvo (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05b6ypc36","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340210623"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153628","display_name":"Volvo Cars (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/005n5zv88","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153393","https://openalex.org/I4387153628"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shafigh Nategh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volvo Cars, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volvo Cars, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340210623","https://openalex.org/I4387153628"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072696504"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340210623","https://openalex.org/I4387153628"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5068,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89806839,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11602","display_name":"Magnetic Bearings and Levitation Dynamics","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12898","display_name":"Induction Heating and Inverter Technology","score":0.9733999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aluminium","display_name":"Aluminium","score":0.7338107824325562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"Copper","score":0.6708795428276062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-hairpin-rna","display_name":"Small hairpin RNA","score":0.6294285655021667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stator","display_name":"Stator","score":0.5339407324790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.49918675422668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joule-heating","display_name":"Joule heating","score":0.4919745624065399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.47475627064704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity","display_name":"Electrical resistivity and conductivity","score":0.41241830587387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3823182284832001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36301112174987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metallurgy","display_name":"Metallurgy","score":0.3147657513618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23948395252227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.22076261043548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.1593288779258728}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513153333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663","display_name":"Aluminium","level":2,"score":0.7338107824325562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544778455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753","display_name":"Copper","level":2,"score":0.6708795428276062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190232843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1950808","display_name":"Small hairpin RNA","level":4,"score":0.6294285655021667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776529397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190312","display_name":"Stator","level":2,"score":0.5339407324790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.49918675422668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117926987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210009","display_name":"Joule heating","level":2,"score":0.4919745624065399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.47475627064704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69990965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698","display_name":"Electrical resistivity and conductivity","level":2,"score":0.41241830587387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3823182284832001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36301112174987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.3147657513618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23948395252227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.22076261043548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.1593288779258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589649","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589649","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IECON 2021 \u2013 47th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526973979","https://openalex.org/W1956688614","https://openalex.org/W1961947178","https://openalex.org/W1998175077","https://openalex.org/W2045566920","https://openalex.org/W2064444164","https://openalex.org/W2124227376","https://openalex.org/W2143070073","https://openalex.org/W2443249815","https://openalex.org/W2530193956","https://openalex.org/W2547739452","https://openalex.org/W2588099339","https://openalex.org/W2735845018","https://openalex.org/W2761599242","https://openalex.org/W2898334685","https://openalex.org/W2898534404","https://openalex.org/W2902017604","https://openalex.org/W2905446923","https://openalex.org/W2993386731","https://openalex.org/W2998737129","https://openalex.org/W3107281207","https://openalex.org/W3108266332","https://openalex.org/W4237175669","https://openalex.org/W4251777245","https://openalex.org/W6631549253","https://openalex.org/W6640575676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W623794290","https://openalex.org/W2125881252","https://openalex.org/W2001572884","https://openalex.org/W2011090644","https://openalex.org/W2128229553","https://openalex.org/W2157727601","https://openalex.org/W2372255233","https://openalex.org/W2361693169","https://openalex.org/W2130828945","https://openalex.org/W2360961134"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sustainability":[0],"aspects":[1],"of":[2,11,31,45],"electrical":[3,33],"machines":[4,52],"are":[5,53],"in":[6,74],"today\u2019s":[7],"e-mobility":[8,107],"market":[9],"one":[10],"the":[12,28,32,46,82,93],"main":[13],"requirements":[14],"together":[15],"with":[16,61,66],"high":[17,19],"efficiency,":[18],"power":[20],"density":[21],"and":[22,64,103],"low":[23],"cost.":[24],"In":[25],"this":[26],"paper":[27],"environmental":[29],"impact":[30,80],"machine":[34,70],"is":[35,97],"being":[36],"lowered":[37],"looking":[38],"at":[39],"aluminium":[40,94],"hairpin":[41,49,69,95],"stator":[42],"winding":[43],"instead":[44],"conventional":[47],"copper":[48,68],"winding.":[50],"Two":[51],"designed":[54],"using":[55],"a":[56,67,77,101],"multi-objective":[57],"genetic":[58],"optimization":[59],"process":[60],"different":[62],"objectives":[63],"compared":[65],"design.":[71],"The":[72],"increase":[73],"resistivity":[75],"has":[76],"non":[78],"negligible":[79],"on":[81],"joule":[83],"losses,":[84],"however":[85],"it":[86],"tends":[87],"to":[88,99],"mitigate":[89],"AC":[90],"effects.":[91],"Overall,":[92],"solution":[96],"shown":[98],"be":[100],"sustainable":[102],"valid":[104],"alternative":[105],"for":[106],"applications.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}