{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212964494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589511","title":"A Novel Diagnosis Method of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Based on Multi-Grained Cascade Forest and Principal Component Analysis","display_name":"A Novel Diagnosis Method of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Based on Multi-Grained Cascade Forest and Principal Component Analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212964494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589511","mag":"3212964494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589511","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IECON 2021 \u2013 47th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011614904","display_name":"Rui Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6217-0345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340307","display_name":"Yuqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3426-4544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009564694","display_name":"Hanbin Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2407-005X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanbin Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005520180","display_name":"Zhe Huo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001804648","display_name":"Dongdong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3790-0200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongdong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011614904"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1003,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44784731,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.876874566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-exchange-membrane-fuel-cell","display_name":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell","score":0.7847592830657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascade","display_name":"Cascade","score":0.6691881418228149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5881822109222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-cells","display_name":"Fuel cells","score":0.5470309257507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5115329027175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.48234933614730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.4685094654560089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.45491930842399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3872838318347931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3757885694503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35535991191864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.22589987516403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21622461080551147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromatography","display_name":"Chromatography","score":0.12272042036056519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-engineering","display_name":"Chemical engineering","score":0.10748842358589172}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.876874566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132319479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899619","display_name":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell","level":3,"score":0.7847592830657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.6691881418228149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5881822109222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987658370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253","display_name":"Fuel cells","level":2,"score":0.5470309257507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5115329027175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.48234933614730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.4685094654560089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.45491930842399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3872838318347931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3757885694503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35535991191864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.22589987516403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21622461080551147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.12272042036056519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10748842358589172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589511","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IECON 2021 \u2013 47th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337504","display_name":"Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980913991","https://openalex.org/W1982614739","https://openalex.org/W1989947556","https://openalex.org/W2005143602","https://openalex.org/W2006364715","https://openalex.org/W2014954055","https://openalex.org/W2024944694","https://openalex.org/W2028072278","https://openalex.org/W2081533593","https://openalex.org/W2103086960","https://openalex.org/W2171697753","https://openalex.org/W2785719470","https://openalex.org/W2984340083","https://openalex.org/W3093176713","https://openalex.org/W3102378947"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2153719181","https://openalex.org/W4376506374","https://openalex.org/W2744116649","https://openalex.org/W3163182738","https://openalex.org/W2060932451","https://openalex.org/W2566120354","https://openalex.org/W4233683207","https://openalex.org/W2359594532","https://openalex.org/W2237020462","https://openalex.org/W1988177323"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fuel":[0],"cell":[1,30,135],"diagnosis":[2,32,113],"is":[3,18,71,109,115,124],"very":[4],"important":[5],"to":[6,49,73],"ensure":[7],"the":[8,51,54,66,75,79,91,112,118],"reliability":[9],"of":[10,53,69,78,95,106,130],"its":[11,21],"operation":[12],"and":[13,23,40,57,100,111,141],"application.":[14],"The":[15,103],"data-driven":[16],"method":[17,33,46,87,108,119],"concerned":[19],"for":[20,126],"simplicity":[22],"accuracy.":[24],"This":[25,45],"paper":[26,123],"proposes":[27],"a":[28],"fuel":[29,80,134],"fault":[31,55,76,128],"based":[34],"on":[35,62],"multi-Grained":[36],"Cascade":[37],"Forest":[38],"(gcForest)":[39],"principal":[41],"component":[42],"analysis":[43],"(PCA).":[44],"uses":[47],"PCA":[48],"reduce":[50],"dimensionality":[52],"data":[56,139],"extract":[58],"appropriate":[59],"features.":[60],"Based":[61],"relatively":[63],"simplified":[64],"features,":[65],"classification":[67],"algorithm":[68],"gcForest":[70],"used":[72],"diagnose":[74],"status":[77],"cell.":[81],"Through":[82],"experimental":[83],"analysis,":[84],"this":[85,107,122],"proposed":[86,120],"can":[88],"quickly":[89],"identify":[90],"three":[92],"health":[93],"states":[94],"membrane":[96,133],"drying,":[97],"hydrogen":[98],"leakage,":[99],"normal":[101],"state.":[102],"diagnostic":[104],"accuracy":[105],"99.39%,":[110],"period":[114],"0.372s.":[116],"Therefore,":[117],"in":[121],"suitable":[125],"online":[127],"identification":[129],"proton":[131],"exchange":[132],"systems":[136],"with":[137],"large":[138],"samples":[140],"multi-dimensional":[142],"data.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}