{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3101342574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon43393.2020.9254533","title":"The implication of non-driving activities on situation awareness and take-over performance in level 3 automation","display_name":"The implication of non-driving activities on situation awareness and take-over performance in level 3 automation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3101342574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon43393.2020.9254533","mag":"3101342574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iecon43393.2020.9254533","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon43393.2020.9254533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608618","display_name":"IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/16802","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057787978","display_name":"Lichao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-3123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lichao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089290441","display_name":"Mahdi Babayi Semiromi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdi Babayi Semiromi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054487789","display_name":"Daniel J. Auger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6199-4251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Auger","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077845803","display_name":"Arkadiusz Jan Dmitruk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arkadiusz Dmitruk","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081460518","display_name":"James Brighton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8182-6979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Brighton","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087731729","display_name":"Yifan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2383-5724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057787978"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0981,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76502732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5075","last_page":"5080"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.6508370637893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6452602744102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.5814219117164612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5651400685310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5373538732528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4828656017780304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.47308117151260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4129062592983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.4107731282711029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3390725553035736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3279024064540863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.31264251470565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1266005039215088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10608747601509094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.6508370637893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6452602744102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.5814219117164612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5651400685310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5373538732528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4828656017780304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.47308117151260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4129062592983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.4107731282711029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3390725553035736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3279024064540863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.31264251470565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1266005039215088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10608747601509094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iecon43393.2020.9254533","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon43393.2020.9254533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608618","display_name":"IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/16802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/16802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/16802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/16802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2894975126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TASCC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316529","funder_display_name":"Jaguar Land Rover"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G497542123","display_name":"TASCC: Driver-Cognition-Oriented Optimal Control Authority Shifting for Adaptive Automated Driving (CogShift)","funder_award_id":"EP/N012089/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5100205879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R511511/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7259514043","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N012089/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316529","funder_display_name":"Jaguar Land Rover"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8465379673","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N012089/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316529","display_name":"Jaguar Land Rover","ror":"https://ror.org/03b66v461"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518683919","https://openalex.org/W2102595860","https://openalex.org/W2117074369","https://openalex.org/W2201590913","https://openalex.org/W2311191605","https://openalex.org/W2340043522","https://openalex.org/W2523907792","https://openalex.org/W2565891751","https://openalex.org/W2594608213","https://openalex.org/W2772350555","https://openalex.org/W2773870697","https://openalex.org/W2794237953","https://openalex.org/W2795577589","https://openalex.org/W2897466419","https://openalex.org/W2899300211","https://openalex.org/W2901473640","https://openalex.org/W2902178419","https://openalex.org/W2904274722","https://openalex.org/W2920919283","https://openalex.org/W2943046732","https://openalex.org/W2943527661","https://openalex.org/W2973218919","https://openalex.org/W3004937932","https://openalex.org/W3006628145","https://openalex.org/W3008293021","https://openalex.org/W3019695680","https://openalex.org/W3128026951","https://openalex.org/W4301712968","https://openalex.org/W6631043569","https://openalex.org/W6773487662","https://openalex.org/W6790686913"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2727919454","https://openalex.org/W2131938810","https://openalex.org/W1996789784","https://openalex.org/W2383310903","https://openalex.org/W2613733560","https://openalex.org/W2042125890","https://openalex.org/W1973591716","https://openalex.org/W2792977319","https://openalex.org/W1977584031","https://openalex.org/W3125074139"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,33,67,91,171],"driver's":[1,47,61,102],"take-over":[2,48,65,199],"performance":[3,49],"is":[4,18,29,108,141],"of":[5,35,45,59,87,97],"great":[6],"importance":[7],"for":[8,110,164],"driving":[9,14,129],"safety":[10],"in":[11,53,145],"conditionally":[12],"automated":[13],"since":[15],"the":[16,25,42,46,60,85,95,101,128,146,169,181],"driver":[17],"required":[19],"to":[20,23,127,158],"respond":[21],"appropriately":[22],"control":[24,162],"vehicle":[26],"if":[27],"there":[28,140],"a":[30,160],"system":[31],"failure.":[32],"engagement":[34,86,96],"different":[36,109],"non-driving":[37],"activities":[38,68],"(NDAs),":[39],"considered":[40,195],"as":[41,196],"main":[43],"factor":[44],"has":[50],"been":[51],"investigated":[52],"this":[54],"study":[55],"from":[56,186],"both":[57],"perspectives":[58],"situation":[62,103,130],"awareness":[63],"and":[64,79,89,122],"quality.":[66],"are":[69,75,124,134,167],"divided":[70],"into":[71],"2":[72],"groups,":[73],"which":[74,192],"active":[76,114,172],"interaction":[77,81,115,173],"mode":[78,82,116,174],"passive":[80],"based":[83],"on":[84],"human":[88],"object.":[90],"results":[92],"suggest":[93],"that":[94],"NDAs":[98,117,151,175],"could":[99,184],"reduce":[100],"awareness.":[104],"Driver's":[105],"attention":[106],"level":[107],"each":[111],"activity.":[112],"Particularly,":[113],"requests":[118],"more":[119,156,178],"mentally":[120],"demanding":[121],"drivers":[123,165],"not":[125],"sensitive":[126],"change":[131],"when":[132],"they":[133],"doing":[135,168],"such":[136],"activities.":[137],"In":[138],"addition,":[139],"no":[142],"significant":[143],"difference":[144],"maximum":[147],"lateral":[148],"error":[149],"with":[150],"engagement.":[152],"However,":[153],"it":[154],"takes":[155],"time":[157],"achieve":[159],"safe":[161],"transition":[163,182],"who":[166],"NDAs.":[170],"request":[176],"even":[177],"time.":[179],"Moreover,":[180],"process":[183],"benefit":[185],"steering":[187],"wheel":[188],"haptic":[189],"feedback":[190],"torque,":[191],"can":[193],"be":[194],"an":[197],"effective":[198],"assistance":[200],"system.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}