{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384302639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ie57519.2023.10179090","title":"A TinyML-Approach to Detect the Proximity of People Based on Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons","display_name":"A TinyML-Approach to Detect the Proximity of People Based on Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384302639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ie57519.2023.10179090"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ie57519.2023.10179090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ie57519.2023.10179090","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 19th International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arpi.unipi.it/bitstream/11568/1213149/1/IE_2023_Proximity.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001727216","display_name":"Michele Girolami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3683-7158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Girolami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Italian National Council of Research ISTI-CNR,Pisa,Italy","Italian National Council of Research ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Italian National Council of Research ISTI-CNR,Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Italian National Council of Research ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029068540","display_name":"Francesco Fattori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2846-319X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Fattori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pisa University of Pisa,Department of Computer Science,Pisa,Italy","Department of Computer Science, Pisa University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pisa University of Pisa,Department of Computer Science,Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Pisa University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057916297","display_name":"Stefano Chessa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1248-9478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Chessa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pisa and ISTI-CNR,Department of Computer Science, Pisa,Italy,Pisa","Department of Computer Science, Pisa, University of Pisa and ISTI-CNR, Italy, Pisa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pisa and ISTI-CNR,Department of Computer Science, Pisa,Italy,Pisa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504","https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Pisa, University of Pisa and ISTI-CNR, Italy, Pisa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504","https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beacon","display_name":"Beacon","score":0.9570823907852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth-low-energy","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","score":0.867456316947937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.8047172427177429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.630036473274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.45935961604118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3214907944202423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28309088945388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.25642430782318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08153972029685974}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102168758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7321258","display_name":"Beacon","level":2,"score":0.9570823907852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776418194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638779","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","level":4,"score":0.867456316947937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.8047172427177429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.630036473274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.45935961604118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3214907944202423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28309088945388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.25642430782318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08153972029685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ie57519.2023.10179090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ie57519.2023.10179090","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 19th International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1213149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1213149","pdf_url":"https://arpi.unipi.it/bitstream/11568/1213149/1/IE_2023_Proximity.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:people______::7691f00d83bb8f240e6f4b6f77e4092f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://openportal.isti.cnr.it/doc?id=people______::7691f00d83bb8f240e6f4b6f77e4092f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055261","display_name":"ISTI Open Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IE 2023 - 19th International Conference on Intelligent Environments, Island of Mauritius, 29-30/06/2023","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_5794"},{"id":"pmh:oai:it.cnr:prodotti:484910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.cnr.it/prodotto/i/484910","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055101","display_name":"CNR ExploRA","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"info:cnr-pdr/source/autori:Girolami M.; Fattori F.; Chessa S./congresso_nome:IE 2023 - 19th International Conference on Intelligent Environments/congresso_luogo:Island of Mauritius/congresso_data:29-30%2F06%2F2023/anno:2023/pagina_da:/pagina_a:/intervallo_pagine:","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1213149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1213149","pdf_url":"https://arpi.unipi.it/bitstream/11568/1213149/1/IE_2023_Proximity.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384302639.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384302639.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133626447","https://openalex.org/W2345721832","https://openalex.org/W2511188156","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W3019181505","https://openalex.org/W3036501803","https://openalex.org/W4206252893"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313213593","https://openalex.org/W2518860590","https://openalex.org/W2266339649","https://openalex.org/W2026217228","https://openalex.org/W4404035177","https://openalex.org/W2768262025","https://openalex.org/W4245169021","https://openalex.org/W2460679371","https://openalex.org/W2409493637","https://openalex.org/W3136975152"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proximity":[0],"detection":[1],"is":[2,79],"the":[3,7,74,103,109,123],"process":[4],"of":[5,15,65,73,102,118,122],"estimating":[6],"closeness":[8],"between":[9,36],"a":[10,13,39,51,63,88],"target":[11],"and":[12,17,25,53,83,90,115,125],"point":[14],"interest,":[16],"it":[18],"can":[19],"be":[20,98],"estimated":[21,49],"with":[22,38,120,126],"different":[23,71],"technologies":[24],"techniques.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28,59],"paper":[29],"we":[30,61,95],"focus":[31],"on":[32],"how":[33],"detecting":[34],"proximity":[35],"people":[37],"TinyML-based":[40],"approach.":[41],"We":[42],"analyze":[43],"RSS":[44,67],"values":[45],"(Received":[46],"Signal":[47],"Strength)":[48],"by":[50,55,69],"micro-controller":[52],"propagated":[54],"Bluetooth\u2019s":[56],"tags.":[57],"To":[58],"purpose,":[60],"collect":[62],"dataset":[64,78,110],"Bluetooth":[66],"signals":[68],"considering":[70],"postures":[72],"involved":[75],"people.":[76],"The":[77],"adopted":[80],"to":[81,97],"train":[82],"test":[84],"two":[85],"neural":[86],"networks:":[87],"fully-connected":[89],"an":[91,112,127],"LSTM":[92],"model":[93],"that":[94],"compress":[96],"executed":[99],"directly":[100],"on-board":[101],"micro-controller.":[104],"Experimental":[105],"results":[106],"conducted":[107],"over":[108],"show":[111],"average":[113],"precision":[114],"recall":[116],"metrics":[117],"0.8":[119],"both":[121],"models,":[124],"inference":[128],"time":[129],"less":[130],"than":[131],"1":[132],"ms.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
