{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128609739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icves65691.2025.11376371","title":"Virtual Testing Environments for LiDARs: A Study of Scene Composition Effects","display_name":"Virtual Testing Environments for LiDARs: A Study of Scene Composition Effects","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128609739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icves65691.2025.11376371"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icves65691.2025.11376371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icves65691.2025.11376371","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104148060","display_name":"Syed Mostaquim Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Syed Mostaquim Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council Canada,London,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council Canada,London,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125625110","display_name":"Vidyasagar Rajendran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vidyasagar Rajendran","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council Canada,London,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council Canada,London,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057499318","display_name":"Ghazal Farhani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4935-1050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghazal Farhani","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council Canada,London,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council Canada,London,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056897202","display_name":"Taufiq Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3830-5160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taufiq Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council Canada,London,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council Canada,London,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032373476","display_name":"Mohamed H. Zaki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed H. Zaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western University,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,London,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western University,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,London,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063492785","display_name":"Benoit Anctil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334704838","display_name":"Transport Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/0238rs311","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334704838"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benoit Anctil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport Canada,Ottawa,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport Canada,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334704838"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082967876","display_name":"Dominique Charlebois","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334704838","display_name":"Transport Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/0238rs311","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334704838"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominique Charlebois","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport Canada,Ottawa,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport Canada,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334704838"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104148060"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63379433,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"276","last_page":"283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.6416000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.6416000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.13359999656677246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.030899999663233757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chamfer","display_name":"Chamfer (geometry)","score":0.5532000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replicate","display_name":"Replicate","score":0.4318000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-mapping","display_name":"Digital mapping","score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.351500004529953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5875999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776313386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18018756","display_name":"Chamfer (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5532000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5123999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.46720001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.4318000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181672929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115141","display_name":"Digital mapping","level":2,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icves65691.2025.11376371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icves65691.2025.11376371","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6888977885246277,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W156975732","https://openalex.org/W2119848633","https://openalex.org/W2165290582","https://openalex.org/W2167340365","https://openalex.org/W2917442576","https://openalex.org/W2936459520","https://openalex.org/W2953127211","https://openalex.org/W2963046274","https://openalex.org/W2967759300","https://openalex.org/W3034716600","https://openalex.org/W3129245057","https://openalex.org/W4229459005","https://openalex.org/W4312617306","https://openalex.org/W4312662135","https://openalex.org/W4386066365","https://openalex.org/W4392523567","https://openalex.org/W4393159692","https://openalex.org/W4402667891","https://openalex.org/W4402705525","https://openalex.org/W4408696999","https://openalex.org/W4415798919"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-world":[0],"testing,":[1],"whether":[2],"through":[3],"naturalistic":[4],"or":[5],"test-track":[6],"driving,":[7],"cannot":[8],"generate":[9,83],"the":[10,16,35,60,66,98,110,135,151,159],"test":[11,40],"coverage":[12],"required":[13],"to":[14,45,92,96,128],"prove":[15],"safety":[17],"of":[18,37,59,68,75,125,154],"autonomous":[19],"vehicles":[20],"with":[21],"acceptable":[22],"statistical":[23],"significance.":[24],"Virtual":[25],"Testing":[26],"Environments":[27],"(VTEs)":[28],"offer":[29],"a":[30,53,56,69,72,123],"complementary":[31],"solution":[32],"by":[33],"enabling":[34],"creation":[36],"challenging":[38],"safety-critical":[39],"scenarios":[41],"that":[42,52,141],"are":[43],"difficult":[44],"replicate":[46],"in":[47],"real-world":[48,93],"conditions.":[49],"To":[50],"ensure":[51],"VTE":[54,70,81],"is":[55],"sufficient":[57],"representation":[58],"real-world,":[61],"our":[62],"previous":[63],"work":[64],"proposed":[65],"development":[67],"using":[71],"digital":[73,99],"twin":[74],"an":[76],"actual":[77],"roadway":[78,126],"environment.":[79],"This":[80],"can":[82,88],"synthetic":[84],"LiDAR":[85],"scans,":[86],"which":[87],"then":[89],"be":[90],"compared":[91],"scans":[94],"used":[95],"create":[97],"twin.":[100],"We":[101],"employed":[102],"chamfer":[103,107],"distance":[104,108],"and":[105,150],"density-aware":[106],"as":[109,144],"metrics":[111],"for":[112],"this":[113,116,120],"comparison.":[114],"In":[115],"study,":[117],"we":[118],"implemented":[119],"approach":[121],"on":[122],"variety":[124],"scenes":[127],"investigate":[129],"how":[130],"different":[131],"scene":[132],"compositions":[133],"affect":[134],"comparison":[136,160],"metrics.":[137],"Our":[138],"findings":[139],"reveal":[140],"factors":[142],"such":[143],"road":[145],"surface":[146],"smoothness,":[147],"vegetation":[148],"presence,":[149],"LiDAR\u2019s":[152],"point":[153],"view":[155],"(elevation)":[156],"significantly":[157],"influence":[158],"results.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-13T13:36:01.753593","created_date":"2026-02-12T00:00:00"}
