{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990116561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icves.2019.8906495","title":"Normalization of Micro-Doppler Spectra for Cyclists Using High-Resolution Projection Technique","display_name":"Normalization of Micro-Doppler Spectra for Cyclists Using High-Resolution Projection Technique","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990116561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icves.2019.8906495","mag":"2990116561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icves.2019.8906495","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icves.2019.8906495","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076612428","display_name":"Patrick Held","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2553-1997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106192","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxzcy64","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Held","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt,Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA),Ingolstadt,Germany","Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt,Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA),Ingolstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033164488","display_name":"Dagmar Steinhauser","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106192","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxzcy64","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dagmar Steinhauser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt,Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA),Ingolstadt,Germany","Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt,Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA),Ingolstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070355208","display_name":"Alexander Kamann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-6557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106192","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxzcy64","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Kamann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt,Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA),Ingolstadt,Germany","Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt,Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA),Ingolstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020879953","display_name":"Andreas Koch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9664-8343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147869694","display_name":"Continental (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/0359s0245","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147869694"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Koch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Continental, Business Unit ADAS,Lindau,Germany","Continental, Business Unit ADAS, Lindau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Continental, Business Unit ADAS,Lindau,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147869694"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Continental, Business Unit ADAS, Lindau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147869694"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111491008","display_name":"Thomas Brandmeier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106192","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxzcy64","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Brandmeier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt,Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA),Ingolstadt,Germany","Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt,Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA),Ingolstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088177776","display_name":"Ulrich T. Schwarz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1889-2188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2610724","display_name":"Chemnitz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00a208s56","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrich T. Schwarz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemnitz University of Technology,Experimental Sensor Science,Chemnitz,Germany","Experimental Sensor Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemnitz University of Technology,Experimental Sensor Science,Chemnitz,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Experimental Sensor Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076612428"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8045,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74489891,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.7266501188278198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5527849197387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.55025714635849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-radar","display_name":"Doppler radar","score":0.541917622089386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.5317135453224182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.48815804719924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.484038770198822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.42156949639320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.4135960340499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4069344997406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3230500817298889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.25372231006622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19370904564857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19079777598381042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17690184712409973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13037338852882385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.7266501188278198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5527849197387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.55025714635849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334213","display_name":"Doppler radar","level":3,"score":0.541917622089386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5317135453224182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.48815804719924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.484038770198822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.42156949639320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4135960340499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4069344997406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3230500817298889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.25372231006622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19370904564857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19079777598381042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17690184712409973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13037338852882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icves.2019.8906495","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icves.2019.8906495","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1921363914","https://openalex.org/W2031057273","https://openalex.org/W2100558806","https://openalex.org/W2129157567","https://openalex.org/W2137344220","https://openalex.org/W2140515654","https://openalex.org/W2315324061","https://openalex.org/W2582666574","https://openalex.org/W2620971888","https://openalex.org/W2897881214","https://openalex.org/W3146526538","https://openalex.org/W3154732924","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6639937641","https://openalex.org/W6680233070"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978025251","https://openalex.org/W2361241744","https://openalex.org/W2086314607","https://openalex.org/W2235285389","https://openalex.org/W4252012301","https://openalex.org/W2581209175","https://openalex.org/W2900664875","https://openalex.org/W2022955050","https://openalex.org/W2944876982","https://openalex.org/W4381745278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radar-based":[0],"functions":[1],"for":[2,67,130,151],"detection":[3],"and":[4,15,74],"classification":[5,154],"of":[6,20,29,41,72,76,89,111,128,134,144,155],"vulnerable":[7],"road":[8],"users":[9],"(VRU)":[10],"are":[11,92,106],"primarily":[12],"using":[13],"Doppler":[14,75,112],"micro-Doppler":[16,90],"information.":[17],"The":[18,85,139],"quality":[19],"this":[21,48],"information":[22],"depends":[23],"significantly":[24,94],"on":[25,80],"the":[26,30,34,45,69,101,122,152,159],"relative":[27],"orientation":[28],"target":[31],"due":[32],"to":[33],"radial":[35],"measurement":[36],"principle.":[37],"Especially":[38],"in":[39,44,115,158],"case":[40],"intersecting":[42],"VRU":[43],"short":[46],"range,":[47],"may":[49],"cause":[50],"a":[51,63,77,81],"drastic":[52],"signal":[53,64],"deterioration":[54],"that":[55,142],"massively":[56],"complicates":[57],"reliable":[58],"detection.":[59],"This":[60],"paper":[61],"presents":[62],"processing":[65],"method":[66],"normalizing":[68],"orientation-dependent":[70],"dimensions":[71],"range":[73,87,99],"cyclist":[78],"based":[79],"high-resolution":[82],"projection":[83],"technique.":[84],"measured":[86],"ambiguities":[88],"components":[91],"reduced":[93],"by":[95],"creating":[96],"an":[97],"artificial":[98],"axis":[100],"spectral":[102],"angle":[103,145],"data":[104],"points":[105],"mapped":[107],"onto.":[108],"Subsequent":[109],"corrections":[110],"amplitudes":[113],"result":[114],"spectra":[116],"with":[117],"normalized":[118],"parameters.":[119],"In":[120],"addition,":[121],"proposed":[123],"procedure":[124],"enables":[125],"improved":[126],"detectability":[127],"features":[129],"potential":[131],"behavioral":[132],"indication":[133],"cyclists":[135,157],"such":[136],"as":[137],"pedaling.":[138],"results":[140],"show":[141],"standardization":[143],"dependency":[146],"can":[147],"be":[148],"particularly":[149],"crucial":[150],"correct":[153],"crossing":[156],"closer":[160],"vehicle":[161],"environment.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}