{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416962838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icumt67815.2025.11268600","title":"Downlink Coverage and Bit Rate Performance of LEO-Based Non-Terrestrial Networks for NB-IoT","display_name":"Downlink Coverage and Bit Rate Performance of LEO-Based Non-Terrestrial Networks for NB-IoT","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416962838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icumt67815.2025.11268600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icumt67815.2025.11268600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icumt67815.2025.11268600","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 17th International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113310995","display_name":"Thao Dinh Le","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thao Dinh Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brno University of Technology,Department of Telecommunications,Brno,Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brno University of Technology,Department of Telecommunications,Brno,Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051855304","display_name":"Martin \u0160t\u016fsek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9030-1322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Stusek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brno University of Technology,Department of Telecommunications,Brno,Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brno University of Technology,Department of Telecommunications,Brno,Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103204345","display_name":"Radim Dvo\u0159\u00e1k","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3123-9586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radim Dvorak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brno University of Technology,Department of Telecommunications,Brno,Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brno University of Technology,Department of Telecommunications,Brno,Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093419958","display_name":"Pavel Palurik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavel Palurik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brno University of Technology,Department of Telecommunications,Brno,Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brno University of Technology,Department of Telecommunications,Brno,Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090301150","display_name":"Pavel Ma\u0161ek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2976-6547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavel Masek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brno University of Technology,Department of Telecommunications,Brno,Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brno University of Technology,Department of Telecommunications,Brno,Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088224958","display_name":"Dmitri Moltchanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4007-7187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dmitri Moltchanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University,Unit of Electrical Engineering,Tampere,Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University,Unit of Electrical Engineering,Tampere,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031786887","display_name":"Ji\u0159\u00ed Ho\u0161ek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8382-9185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiri Hosek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brno University of Technology,Department of Telecommunications,Brno,Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brno University of Technology,Department of Telecommunications,Brno,Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113310995"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37174538,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"80","last_page":"86"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.847100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.847100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.09160000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.921500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.6413999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5188000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrowband","display_name":"Narrowband","score":0.4147999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-rate","display_name":"Bit rate","score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-frequency-network","display_name":"Single-frequency network","score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.321399986743927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.921500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6671000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.6413999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5536999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5188000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140483","display_name":"Narrowband","level":2,"score":0.4147999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987812609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194158","display_name":"Bit rate","level":2,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776847985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530404","display_name":"Single-frequency network","level":3,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94137725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509342","display_name":"Link budget","level":3,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60069766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357054","display_name":"Antenna diversity","level":3,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643177","display_name":"Performance improvement","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icumt67815.2025.11268600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icumt67815.2025.11268600","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 17th International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/234238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/234238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315323","display_name":"Technology Agency of the Czech Republic","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2596324967","https://openalex.org/W2971124593","https://openalex.org/W2985873701","https://openalex.org/W3092381439","https://openalex.org/W4206195299","https://openalex.org/W4296743050","https://openalex.org/W4388342525","https://openalex.org/W4390776954","https://openalex.org/W4396758450","https://openalex.org/W4409061119","https://openalex.org/W4409149693","https://openalex.org/W4409641569","https://openalex.org/W4410229054","https://openalex.org/W4414463939"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"integration":[1],"of":[2,5,40,67,155,170,184],"Narrowband":[3],"Internet":[4],"Things":[6],"(NB-IoT)":[7],"with":[8,81,134,138,149],"Non-Terrestrial":[9],"Networks":[10],"(NTNs)":[11],"has":[12,54],"emerged":[13],"as":[14],"a":[15,64],"prominent":[16],"enabler":[17],"for":[18,47,131,152,162],"global":[19],"IoT":[20,34],"connectivity":[21],"in":[22,74],"regions":[23],"where":[24],"terrestrial":[25],"infrastructures":[26],"are":[27,199],"unavailable":[28],"or":[29],"impractical":[30],"to":[31,201,220],"deploy.":[32],"Although":[33],"traffic":[35],"is":[36,44],"inherently":[37],"uplink-oriented,":[38],"performance":[39,73,125],"the":[41,150,156,179],"downlink":[42,68,97,124],"transmissions":[43],"equally":[45],"vital":[46],"maintaining":[48],"reliable":[49],"system":[50],"operations,":[51],"yet":[52],"it":[53],"so":[55],"far":[56],"received":[57],"considerably":[58],"less":[59],"attention.":[60],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"presents":[63],"comprehensive":[65],"study":[66],"coverage":[69],"and":[70,88,102,111,165,214],"bit":[71,105,173],"rate":[72],"LEO-based":[75],"NB-IoT":[76],"NTN":[77],"systems.":[78],"Using":[79],"simulations":[80],"realistic":[82],"satellite":[83],"constellation":[84,112],"models":[85],"at":[86],"600km":[87,128],"$1,200":[89,118],"\\mathrm{~km}$":[90,119],"altitudes,":[91],"we":[92],"evaluate":[93],"minimum":[94,216],"link":[95,217],"availability,":[96],"Signal-to-Noise":[98],"Ratio":[99],"(SNR)":[100],"distributions,":[101],"achievable":[103],"physical-layer":[104],"rates":[106,174],"under":[107],"various":[108],"antenna":[109],"configurations":[110],"sizes.":[113],"Our":[114],"results":[115],"demonstrate":[116],"that":[117],"constellations":[120],"consistently":[121],"provide":[122],"stronger":[123],"than":[126,161,167],"their":[127],"counterparts.":[129],"Notably,":[130],"LEO":[132,163],"1200,":[133],"60":[135],"satellites":[136,151],"equipped":[137],"0.4":[139],"m":[140],"aperture":[141,192],"antennas,":[142,193],"end":[143],"devices":[144,171],"can":[145],"maintain":[146],"valid":[147],"connections":[148],"approximately":[153],"30%":[154],"time-almost":[157],"four":[158],"times":[159],"higher":[160],"600,":[164],"more":[166,210],"$65":[168],"\\%$":[169],"achieve":[172],"above":[175],"3.5":[176],"kbps,":[177],"satisfying":[178],"3GPP":[180],"TS":[181],"22.261":[182],"requirement":[183],"2":[185],"kbps":[186],"experienced":[187],"data":[188],"rate.":[189],"Furthermore,":[190],"smaller":[191],"despite":[194],"offering":[195],"lower":[196],"peak":[197],"gain,":[198],"shown":[200],"improve":[202],"robustness":[203],"by":[204],"producing":[205],"wider":[206],"beams,":[207],"which":[208],"yield":[209],"stable":[211],"SNR":[212],"distributions":[213],"superior":[215],"availability":[218],"compared":[219],"larger":[221],"apertures.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-12T07:58:50.170612","created_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00"}
