{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385655884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton59386.2023.10207473","title":"AI-Driven Resource Allocation in Optical Wireless Communication Systems","display_name":"AI-Driven Resource Allocation in Optical Wireless Communication Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385655884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton59386.2023.10207473"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icton59386.2023.10207473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton59386.2023.10207473","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 23rd International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090806116","display_name":"Abdelrahman S. Elgamal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2308-7378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelrahman S. Elgamal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds,School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,UK,LS2 9JT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds,School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,UK,LS2 9JT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080125516","display_name":"Osama Zwaid Aletri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2096-307X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osama Z. Aletri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Umm Al-Qura University,Department of Computer Engineering,Makkah,Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Engineering, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Umm Al-Qura University,Department of Computer Engineering,Makkah,Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037087661","display_name":"Barzan A. Yosuf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6323-8313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barzan A. Yosuf","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds,School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,UK,LS2 9JT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds,School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,UK,LS2 9JT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028292875","display_name":"Ahmad Adnan Qidan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6801-9950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Adnan Qidan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kings&#x2019; College London,Department of Engineering,London,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kings&#x2019; College London,Department of Engineering,London,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090289685","display_name":"Taisir E. H. El-Gorashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9744-1790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taisir El-Gorashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kings&#x2019; College London,Department of Engineering,London,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kings&#x2019; College London,Department of Engineering,London,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088539425","display_name":"Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3319-9103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kings&#x2019; College London,Department of Engineering,London,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kings&#x2019; College London,Department of Engineering,London,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7043,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90419795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8150689601898193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.765162467956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.6687765121459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6621901988983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6401036977767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6129601001739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.6129533052444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5825455188751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.5501428842544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.516372799873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.47499242424964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.45865532755851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4507831633090973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth-allocation","display_name":"Bandwidth allocation","score":0.4426901340484619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-resource-management","display_name":"Radio resource management","score":0.41986721754074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.4000002145767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20912876725196838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17928776144981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10339736938476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09293735027313232}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8150689601898193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.765162467956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.6687765121459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6621901988983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6401036977767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6129601001739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6129533052444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5825455188751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5501428842544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.516372799873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.47499242424964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.45865532755851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4507831633090973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200157131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4854763","display_name":"Bandwidth allocation","level":3,"score":0.4426901340484619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182448111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281197","display_name":"Radio resource management","level":4,"score":0.41986721754074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4000002145767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20912876725196838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17928776144981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10339736938476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09293735027313232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icton59386.2023.10207473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton59386.2023.10207473","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 23rd International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G108985073","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/X04047X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1301389261","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S016570/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6002839104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/H040536/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G898074348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S016570/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556251207","https://openalex.org/W2009440399","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2110624757","https://openalex.org/W2120537910","https://openalex.org/W2282219574","https://openalex.org/W2366779847","https://openalex.org/W2736343332","https://openalex.org/W2786786708","https://openalex.org/W2911784778","https://openalex.org/W2974082364","https://openalex.org/W3010518963","https://openalex.org/W3017008060","https://openalex.org/W3023161348","https://openalex.org/W3094019951","https://openalex.org/W3192684047","https://openalex.org/W3193575589","https://openalex.org/W3210674608","https://openalex.org/W3210851253","https://openalex.org/W3213743754","https://openalex.org/W3214184060","https://openalex.org/W3216895558","https://openalex.org/W4213453502","https://openalex.org/W4226342462","https://openalex.org/W4288055536","https://openalex.org/W4289655106","https://openalex.org/W4298023569","https://openalex.org/W4387870212","https://openalex.org/W6840391138"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2592894164","https://openalex.org/W2039798909","https://openalex.org/W3009734089","https://openalex.org/W4211208704","https://openalex.org/W2064392160","https://openalex.org/W4386293784","https://openalex.org/W2241220104","https://openalex.org/W3081944688","https://openalex.org/W4211247333","https://openalex.org/W2263043475"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visible":[0],"light":[1],"communication":[2,54,108],"(VLC)":[3],"is":[4,20,27,40,46,98,118,128,150],"a":[5,42,47,93,112],"promising":[6],"solution":[7],"to":[8,50,61,68,76,100,119],"satisfy":[9],"the":[10,30,38,63,71,88,121,125,129,138],"extreme":[11],"demands":[12],"of":[13,22,37,87,104,124,132,137,145],"emerging":[14],"applications.":[15],"VLC":[16],"offers":[17],"bandwidth":[18],"that":[19,144,149],"orders":[21],"magnitude":[23],"higher":[24],"than":[25],"what":[26],"offered":[28],"by":[29],"radio":[31],"spectrum,":[32],"hence":[33],"making":[34],"best":[35],"use":[36],"resources":[39,103],"not":[41],"trivial":[43],"matter.":[44],"There":[45],"growing":[48],"interest":[49],"make":[51],"next":[52],"generation":[53],"networks":[55],"intelligent":[56],"using":[57],"AI":[58],"based":[59,80,151],"tools":[60],"automate":[62],"resource":[64],"management":[65],"and":[66],"adapt":[67],"variations":[69],"in":[70,111],"network":[72],"automatically":[73],"as":[74],"opposed":[75],"conventional":[77],"handcrafted":[78],"schemes":[79],"on":[81,152],"mathematical":[82],"models":[83],"assuming":[84],"prior":[85],"knowledge":[86],"network.":[89],"In":[90],"this":[91],"article,":[92],"reinforcement":[94],"learning":[95],"(RL)":[96],"scheme":[97,140,148],"developed":[99],"intelligently":[101],"allocate":[102],"an":[105,146],"optical":[106],"wireless":[107],"(OWC)":[109],"system":[110,126],"HetNet":[113],"environment.":[114],"The":[115,135],"main":[116],"goal":[117],"maximise":[120],"total":[122],"reward":[123],"which":[127],"sum":[130],"rate":[131],"all":[133],"users.":[134],"results":[136],"RL":[139],"are":[141],"compared":[142],"with":[143],"optimization":[147],"Mixed":[153],"Integer":[154],"Linear":[155],"Programming":[156],"(MILP)":[157],"model.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
