{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385655915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton59386.2023.10207371","title":"ML-based Optimization of Geometric Constellation Shaping for Unamplified Coherent Optical Systems","display_name":"ML-based Optimization of Geometric Constellation Shaping for Unamplified Coherent Optical Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385655915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton59386.2023.10207371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icton59386.2023.10207371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icton59386.2023.10207371","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 23rd International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON59386.2023.10207371","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071936954","display_name":"Beatriz M. Oliveira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8582-3222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Beatriz M. Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitari&#x00F3; de Santiago,Portugal,3810-193"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitari&#x00F3; de Santiago,Portugal,3810-193","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471","https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045070361","display_name":"Manuel S. Neves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9804-2713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel S. Neves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitari&#x00F3; de Santiago,Portugal,3810-193"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitari&#x00F3; de Santiago,Portugal,3810-193","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471","https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073159626","display_name":"Fernando P. Guiomar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-8431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando P. Guiomar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitari&#x00F3; de Santiago,Portugal,3810-193"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitari&#x00F3; de Santiago,Portugal,3810-193","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471","https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057728112","display_name":"Maria C. R. Medeiros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2277-2848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria C. R. Medeiros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ Coimbra,Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Portugal,3030-290"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ Coimbra,Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Portugal,3030-290","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027443996","display_name":"Paulo P. Monteiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4664-9238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo P. Monteiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitari&#x00F3; de Santiago,Portugal,3810-193"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitari&#x00F3; de Santiago,Portugal,3810-193","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471","https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071936954"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471","https://openalex.org/I60858718"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1339,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43127009,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.8355245590209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7204099297523499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.533575713634491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4464496970176697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.43531277775764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.42688846588134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4238263964653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.4173983335494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-power","display_name":"Optical power","score":0.41424915194511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2933884859085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22217822074890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17855826020240784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.17582809925079346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.1375775933265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10919633507728577}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.8355245590209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7204099297523499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.533575713634491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4464496970176697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.43531277775764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42688846588134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4238263964653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.4173983335494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191161701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559265","display_name":"Optical power","level":3,"score":0.41424915194511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2933884859085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22217822074890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17855826020240784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.17582809925079346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.1375775933265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10919633507728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icton59386.2023.10207371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icton59386.2023.10207371","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 23rd International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:14730870","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON59386.2023.10207371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:14730870","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON59386.2023.10207371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2734408173","https://openalex.org/W2799191222","https://openalex.org/W2963356647","https://openalex.org/W3009665528","https://openalex.org/W3127552495","https://openalex.org/W3154004989","https://openalex.org/W3165816905","https://openalex.org/W3169926667","https://openalex.org/W3208375907","https://openalex.org/W3213878332","https://openalex.org/W4226033704","https://openalex.org/W4290709430","https://openalex.org/W4304099312"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2801080295","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"increasingly":[1],"higher":[2],"data":[3],"rate":[4],"requirements":[5],"imposed":[6],"on":[7],"short-reach":[8],"links,":[9],"coherent":[10,40],"optical":[11,25],"systems":[12],"are":[13],"expanding":[14],"to":[15],"shorter":[16],"distances.":[17],"To":[18],"achieve":[19],"a":[20,50,80],"cost-efficient":[21],"and":[22,54,98],"low-complexity":[23],"solution,":[24],"amplifiers":[26],"can":[27,69],"be":[28],"removed,":[29],"enabling":[30],"the":[31,34,43,56,71,77,84,89],"deployment":[32],"of":[33,38,79],"already":[35],"standardized":[36],"use":[37],"unamplified":[39,99],"links.":[41,100],"However,":[42],"system":[44],"performance":[45,90],"is":[46],"now":[47],"governed":[48],"by":[49,86],"peak":[51],"power":[52],"constraint,":[53],"therefore":[55],"conventional":[57],"constellations":[58],"become":[59],"sub-optimal.We":[60],"will":[61],"present":[62],"how":[63],"an":[64],"end-to-end":[65],"machine":[66],"learning":[67],"algorithm":[68],"optimize":[70],"constellation":[72],"geometry.":[73],"We":[74],"also":[75],"show":[76],"importance":[78],"well-suited":[81],"model":[82],"for":[83,95],"channel,":[85],"experimentally":[87],"comparing":[88],"achieved":[91],"with":[92],"geometries":[93],"optimized":[94],"both":[96],"amplified":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
