{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3045948254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton51198.2020.9203019","title":"2-D Optical-CDMA Modulation in Automotive Time-of-Flight LIDAR Systems","display_name":"2-D Optical-CDMA Modulation in Automotive Time-of-Flight LIDAR Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3045948254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton51198.2020.9203019","mag":"3045948254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icton51198.2020.9203019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton51198.2020.9203019","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 22nd International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021842748","display_name":"Wing C. Kwong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-7908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139290212","display_name":"Hofstra University","ror":"https://ror.org/03pm18j10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139290212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wing C. Kwong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hofstra University, Hempstead, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hofstra University, Hempstead, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139290212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027736757","display_name":"Wei\u2010Yi Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1040-6007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162838928","display_name":"National Chung Hsing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vn3ca78","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Yi Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046170506","display_name":"Guu-Chang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-5586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162838928","display_name":"National Chung Hsing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vn3ca78","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guu-Chang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060440626","display_name":"Ivan Glesk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-8069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Glesk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021842748"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139290212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8318,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72880177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.7617351412773132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.752906084060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7251893281936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.6836344003677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6431080102920532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5973856449127197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.5293529629707336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4764683246612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-flight","display_name":"Time of flight","score":0.47152814269065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","score":0.45802223682403564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.45609796047210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4440302848815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3259201943874359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.2743849754333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23941776156425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22022303938865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.17545774579048157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15562507510185242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.10131236910820007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.08481624722480774}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.7617351412773132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.752906084060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7251893281936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.6836344003677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6431080102920532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5973856449127197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.5293529629707336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4764683246612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98960154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983322","display_name":"Time of flight","level":2,"score":0.47152814269065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160724564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620670","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.45802223682403564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.45609796047210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4440302848815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3259201943874359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.2743849754333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23941776156425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22022303938865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.17545774579048157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15562507510185242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.10131236910820007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.08481624722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icton51198.2020.9203019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton51198.2020.9203019","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 22nd International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:73357","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/608482.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W615254688","https://openalex.org/W2063273637","https://openalex.org/W2110931640","https://openalex.org/W2160135070","https://openalex.org/W2160163771","https://openalex.org/W2256379800","https://openalex.org/W2528949559","https://openalex.org/W2600780369","https://openalex.org/W2895363479","https://openalex.org/W3125649331"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2982443389","https://openalex.org/W2566455368","https://openalex.org/W2565613228","https://openalex.org/W1961916646","https://openalex.org/W2148313147","https://openalex.org/W1996377929","https://openalex.org/W2150798595","https://openalex.org/W2152454158","https://openalex.org/W2056318447","https://openalex.org/W2112365813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"the":[3,37,40,50,67,78,94],"application":[4],"of":[5,39,80],"2-D":[6,46,69],"optical":[7],"code-division":[8],"multiple-access":[9],"(OCDMA)":[10],"modulation":[11,51],"using":[12],"wavelength-hopping":[13],"time-spreading":[14],"codes":[15],"in":[16,77],"long-range":[17],"automotive":[18],"time-of-flight":[19],"(ToF)":[20],"light":[21],"detection":[22],"and":[23,29,33,53,58,83,89],"ranging":[24],"(LIDAR)":[25],"systems":[26],"is":[27,74],"proposed":[28,41,68],"demonstrated.":[30],"The":[31],"regulations":[32],"constraints":[34],"that":[35,66],"govern":[36],"design":[38],"system":[42,73],"are":[43,56],"presented.":[44],"Using":[45],"carrier-hopping":[47],"prime":[48],"codes,":[49],"technique":[52],"associated":[54],"hardware":[55],"implemented":[57],"validated":[59],"with":[60],"OptiSystem\u2122":[61],"simulation.":[62],"Interference-robustness":[63],"studies":[64],"show":[65],"OCDMA":[70],"ToF":[71,91],"LIDAR":[72],"more":[75,87],"flexible":[76],"choice":[79],"system/code":[81],"parameters":[82],"can":[84],"support":[85],"many":[86],"sensors":[88],"simultaneous":[90],"measurements":[92],"than":[93],"1-D":[95],"counterpart.":[96]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
