{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2973973578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton.2019.8840458","title":"Enhancing Optical Network Security with Machine Learning","display_name":"Enhancing Optical Network Security with Machine Learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2973973578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton.2019.8840458","mag":"2973973578"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icton.2019.8840458","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton.2019.8840458","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 21st International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/publication/513059/file/513059_Fulltext.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062212458","display_name":"Marija Furdek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5600-3700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marija Furdek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002587591","display_name":"Carlos Natalino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7501-5547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Natalino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062212458"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0919376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7349030375480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.6544790267944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5274577140808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4738224744796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.46586087346076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4585984945297241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4281460642814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.16116094589233398}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7349030375480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.6544790267944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5274577140808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4738224744796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.46586087346076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4585984945297241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4281460642814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.16116094589233398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icton.2019.8840458","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton.2019.8840458","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 21st International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:513059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/513059","pdf_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/publication/513059/file/513059_Fulltext.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:513059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/513059","pdf_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/publication/513059/file/513059_Fulltext.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2973973578.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2973973578.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2517647381","https://openalex.org/W2793835353","https://openalex.org/W2886574172"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389214306","https://openalex.org/W2965083567","https://openalex.org/W4235240664","https://openalex.org/W1838576100","https://openalex.org/W2757182831","https://openalex.org/W2095886385","https://openalex.org/W2089704382","https://openalex.org/W1983399550","https://openalex.org/W97075385","https://openalex.org/W2357523926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"critical":[1,75],"communication":[2],"infrastructure,":[3],"optical":[4,151,185,247,343],"networks":[5,26],"have":[6],"a":[7,31,63,69,457],"vital":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,49,86,157,195,204,252,436],"safe":[11],"and":[12,52,84,104,198,241,283,306,328,331,376,380,401,448,454,461,465],"dependable":[13],"transmission":[14,88,118],"of":[15,18,33,55,62,99,148,160,191,207,235,245,255,265,270,341,357,373,384,393,404,413,428,451],"massive":[16],"amounts":[17],"data,":[19,368],"supporting":[20],"essential":[21],"societal":[22],"services.":[23],"However,":[24],"these":[25],"are":[27,314],"inherently":[28],"vulnerable":[29],"to":[30,115,168,228,290,302,316,326,416],"multitude":[32],"deliberate,":[34],"man-made":[35],"attacks":[36,140,453],"targeting":[37,74],"service":[38],"disruption":[39],"at":[40],"the":[41,81,97,113,117,146,149,158,165,174,183,223,229,236,242,253,263,292,297,342,348,355,366,371,391,398,402,411,414,426,434],"physical":[42],"layer.":[43],"Physical-layer":[44],"attack":[45,66,93,128,216,224,257,350,375,421,463],"techniques":[46,94,129,217,268,313,431],"can":[47,259,287,369],"range":[48],"their":[50,135],"scope":[51],"effects,":[53,132],"level":[54],"sophistication,":[56],"locality,":[57],"detectability,":[58],"etc.":[59],"An":[60],"example":[61],"relatively":[64],"unsophisticated":[65],"method":[67],"is":[68,210,387],"deliberate":[70],"fiber":[71,114,124],"cut,":[72],"typically":[73],"network":[76,230,415,466],"elements":[77],"(e.g.,":[78,120],"links":[79],"with":[80,112,338,390],"highest":[82],"betweenness)":[83],"resulting":[85],"straightforward":[87],"interruption":[89],"[1].":[90],"More":[91],"refined":[92],"rely":[95],"on":[96,109,365],"insertion":[98],"harmful":[100],"signal":[101,179,344,437],"(e.g.":[102],"in-":[103,327],"out-of-band":[105,329],"jamming)":[106],"[2],":[107],"or":[108,177,189],"external":[110,332],"tampering":[111],"degrade":[116],"quality":[119],"polarization":[121,161,333],"scrambling":[122,334],"via":[123],"squeezing)":[125],"[3].":[126,170],"Diverse":[127],"cause":[130,200],"different":[131,246,280,349],"which":[133],"complicates":[134],"detectability.":[136],"For":[137],"example,":[138],"some":[139,144,154],"add":[141],"unfilterable":[142],"noise,":[143],"reduce":[145],"power":[147],"affected":[150,208],"channels,":[152],"while":[153],"inflict":[155],"changes":[156],"state":[159],"too":[162],"quick":[163,205],"for":[164,213,459],"coherent":[166,300,399],"receiver":[167],"compensate":[169],"Therefore,":[171],"monitoring":[172,249],"only":[173],"spectrum":[175],"[4],":[176],"individual":[178],"parameters":[180,251,395,438],"such":[181],"as":[182,456],"power,":[184],"signal-to-noise":[186],"ratio":[187],"(OSNR),":[188],"presence":[190,254,372],"errors":[192],"may":[193,220],"result":[194],"inaccurate":[196],"diagnostics":[197],"root":[199],"attribution.":[201],"This":[202],"obstacle":[203],"recovery":[206],"services":[209],"further":[211,424],"pronounced":[212],"newly":[214],"emerging":[215],"whose":[218],"effects":[219],"deviate":[221],"from":[222,262,296,320],"signatures":[225],"previously":[226,419],"known":[227],"management":[231],"system":[232],"[5].The":[233],"complexity":[234],"evolving":[237],"physical-layer":[238,452],"security":[239,308],"landscape":[240],"intricate":[243],"interplay":[244],"performance":[248,427],"(OPM)":[250],"diverse":[256],"methods":[258],"greatly":[260],"benefit":[261],"application":[264,356],"machine":[266,284],"learning":[267,285,360,430],"capable":[269],"deep":[271],"data":[272,281,294,318],"analysis.":[273],"In":[274],"this":[275],"talk,":[276],"we":[277,423],"present":[278],"how":[279],"analytics":[282],"approaches":[286,361],"be":[288],"applied":[289,315],"interpret":[291],"OPM":[293,394],"reported":[295,396],"commercially":[298],"available":[299],"receivers":[301,400],"identify":[303,377],"anomalous":[304],"operation":[305],"trigger":[307],"threat":[309],"warnings.":[310],"The":[311,382,442],"analytical":[312],"experimental":[317,367],"obtained":[319],"an":[321,339,374],"operator\u2019s":[322],"metropolitan":[323],"testbed":[324],"subjected":[325],"jamming,":[330],"attacks.":[335,441],"We":[336,352],"begin":[337],"analysis":[340],"degradation":[345],"caused":[346],"by":[347,397,440],"methods.":[351],"then":[353],"investigate":[354],"several":[358,385],"supervised":[359],"that,":[362],"once":[363],"trained":[364],"detect":[370,417,433],"its":[378],"type":[379],"intensity.":[381],"accuracy":[383],"classifiers":[386],"scrutinized,":[388],"along":[389],"relevance":[392],"impact":[403],"missing":[405],"features.":[406],"To":[407],"gain":[408],"insight":[409],"into":[410],"potential":[412],"emerging,":[418],"unseen":[420],"techniques,":[422],"analyse":[425],"unsupervised":[429],"that":[432],"anomalies":[435],"introduced":[439],"presented":[443],"findings":[444],"help":[445],"achieve":[446],"timely":[447],"accurate":[449],"detection":[450],"serve":[455],"prerequisite":[458],"fast":[460],"effective":[462],"response":[464],"recovery.":[467]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2019-09-26T00:00:00"}