{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2892410349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton.2018.8473808","title":"Modes Distribution in Quantum-Cascade Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL)","display_name":"Modes Distribution in Quantum-Cascade Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL)","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2892410349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton.2018.8473808","mag":"2892410349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icton.2018.8473808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton.2018.8473808","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 20th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076717115","display_name":"Sandra Grzempa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188884621","display_name":"Lodz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00s8fpf52","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188884621"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086947","display_name":"Institute of Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/000sfad56","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086947","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Grzempa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188884621","https://openalex.org/I4210086947"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067890170","display_name":"W. Nakwaski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2558-9758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188884621","display_name":"Lodz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00s8fpf52","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188884621"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086947","display_name":"Institute of Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/000sfad56","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086947","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wlodzimierz Nakwaski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188884621","https://openalex.org/I4210086947"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057558510","display_name":"Maciej Dems","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5576-1021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086947","display_name":"Institute of Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/000sfad56","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086947","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188884621","display_name":"Lodz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00s8fpf52","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188884621"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maciej Dems","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188884621","https://openalex.org/I4210086947"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064056219","display_name":"Tomasz Czyszanowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-5074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188884621","display_name":"Lodz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00s8fpf52","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188884621"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086947","display_name":"Institute of Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/000sfad56","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086947","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomasz Czyszanowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188884621","https://openalex.org/I4210086947"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076717115"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188884621","https://openalex.org/I4210086947"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08392303,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12760","display_name":"Laser Design and Applications","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lasing-threshold","display_name":"Lasing threshold","score":0.8098341226577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.781743049621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.7584952116012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-cavity-surface-emitting-laser","display_name":"Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser","score":0.7542624473571777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascade","display_name":"Cascade","score":0.6724318861961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-laser-theory","display_name":"Semiconductor laser theory","score":0.6526737213134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6449655294418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-dot-laser","display_name":"Quantum dot laser","score":0.5181483030319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-well","display_name":"Quantum well","score":0.5175458788871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diode","display_name":"Diode","score":0.5015349388122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-layer","display_name":"Active layer","score":0.4742031395435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4567909836769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.27054062485694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20953649282455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.07454890012741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.057570844888687134}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40637687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676237","display_name":"Lasing threshold","level":3,"score":0.8098341226577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.781743049621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.7584952116012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106246969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2009618","display_name":"Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser","level":3,"score":0.7542624473571777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.6724318861961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121477167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17154002","display_name":"Semiconductor laser theory","level":3,"score":0.6526737213134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6449655294418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74130334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252980","display_name":"Quantum dot laser","level":4,"score":0.5181483030319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29169072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521166","display_name":"Quantum well","level":3,"score":0.5175458788871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78434282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656","display_name":"Diode","level":2,"score":0.5015349388122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776026197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201890","display_name":"Active layer","level":4,"score":0.4742031395435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4567909836769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.27054062485694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20953649282455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07454890012741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.057570844888687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87359718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1271916","display_name":"Thin-film transistor","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icton.2018.8473808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icton.2018.8473808","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 20th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2782203855"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029967954","https://openalex.org/W2003790363","https://openalex.org/W2096637044","https://openalex.org/W2154174119","https://openalex.org/W2014348521","https://openalex.org/W4380366177","https://openalex.org/W1874149122","https://openalex.org/W2064112121","https://openalex.org/W2052067575","https://openalex.org/W2392009308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Performance":[0],"of":[1,9,24,46,67,78,84,96,103,118,122,125,130,142],"any":[2],"semiconductor":[3,28],"laser":[4,80,106],"depends":[5],"on":[6],"an":[7,16,85,123,135],"efficiency":[8],"mutual":[10],"interaction":[11,66,138],"between":[12],"electrical":[13,71],"carriers":[14,72],"and":[15,54,70,82,128],"optical":[17,136],"field.":[18],"It":[19],"concerns,":[20],"in":[21],"particular,":[22],"performance":[23],"considered":[25],"here":[26],"new":[27],"lasers":[29,36,40,52,58],"\u2013":[30],"the":[31,48,55,79,91],"quantum-cascade":[32,57],"vertical-cavity":[33,49],"surface-emitting":[34,50],"diode":[35,51],"(QC":[37],"VCSELs).":[38],"These":[39],"are":[41,146],"anticipated":[42],"to":[43,133,140],"exhibit":[44],"advantages":[45],"both":[47],"(VCSELs)":[53],"unipolar":[56],"(QCLs)":[59],"without":[60],"their":[61],"undesirable":[62],"drawbacks.":[63],"The":[64],"above":[65],"radiation":[68],"modes":[69],"is":[73],"strictly":[74],"connected":[75],"with":[76],"dimensions":[77],"cavity":[81,107],"localization":[83],"active":[86,100,131],"region":[87],"within":[88],"it.":[89],"Besides,":[90],"QC-VCSEL":[92],"may":[93],"take":[94],"advantage":[95],"more":[97],"than":[98],"one":[99],"layer.":[101],"Because":[102],"technological":[104],"limitations,":[105],"should":[108],"not":[109],"be":[110],"too":[111],"large.":[112],"For":[113],"a":[114,126],"typical":[115],"active-area":[116],"thickness":[117],"2":[119],"micrometer,":[120],"results":[121],"optimization":[124],"number":[127],"thicknesses":[129],"layers":[132],"enhance":[134],"mode-carrier":[137],"leading":[139],"reduction":[141],"its":[143],"lasing":[144],"threshold":[145],"presented.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}