{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130592493","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc66702.2025.11387912","title":"Understanding the Primary Synchronization Signals in 3GPP Cellular Networks","display_name":"Understanding the Primary Synchronization Signals in 3GPP Cellular Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130592493","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc66702.2025.11387912"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ictc66702.2025.11387912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc66702.2025.11387912","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 16th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109064448","display_name":"Byung-Jae Kwak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byung-Jae Kwak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Mobile Communication Research Division,Daejeon,Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Mobile Communication Research Division,Daejeon,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089257961","display_name":"J. W. kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Kyeong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Mobile Communication Research Division,Daejeon,Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Mobile Communication Research Division,Daejeon,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085610489","display_name":"Chanho Yoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6421-820X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chanho Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Mobile Communication Research Division,Daejeon,Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Mobile Communication Research Division,Daejeon,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115873089","display_name":"Jung Ho Myung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung Ho Myung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Mobile Communication Research Division,Daejeon,Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Mobile Communication Research Division,Daejeon,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110134556","display_name":"Young Jo Ko","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young Jo Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Mobile Communication Research Division,Daejeon,Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Mobile Communication Research Division,Daejeon,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"774","last_page":"779"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.3831000030040741,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.3831000030040741,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.24869999289512634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.05869999900460243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.786300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6392999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.5866000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.5612999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.5044999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","score":0.4862000048160553}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.786300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6675999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6392999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.5866000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5612999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.5044999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4862000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5297727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786970","display_name":"Autocorrelation","level":2,"score":0.4778999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986737936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058791","display_name":"Time synchronization","level":2,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.40610000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986910011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Cellular radio","level":3,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84945661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7366567","display_name":"Root cause","level":2,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2628999948501587}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ictc66702.2025.11387912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc66702.2025.11387912","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 16th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976526421","https://openalex.org/W2066530892","https://openalex.org/W2138706041","https://openalex.org/W4237723843","https://openalex.org/W4387969556","https://openalex.org/W4406266718"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"revisits":[2],"the":[3,6,54],"design":[4,106],"of":[5,69,96],"LTE":[7],"and":[8,15,19,35,72,100],"5G":[9],"NR":[10],"Primary":[11],"Synchronization":[12],"Signals":[13],"(PSS)":[14],"clarifies":[16],"several":[17],"misconceptions":[18],"answers":[20],"key":[21],"questions":[22],"not":[23,62],"easily":[24],"addressed":[25],"elsewhere.":[26],"We":[27,40,51,64],"show":[28,52],"where":[29],"their":[30],"characteristic":[31],"behavior\u2014sharp":[32],"autocorrelation":[33],"peaks":[34],"low":[36],"cross-correlations\u2014actually":[37],"comes":[38],"from.":[39],"also":[41,65],"justify":[42],"frequency-domain":[43],"mapping":[44,47],"over":[45],"time-domain":[46],"in":[48,107],"OFDM":[49],"systems.":[50,109],"that":[53],"current":[55],"3GPP":[56],"PSS":[57,98],"choices":[58],"are":[59],"effective":[60],"yet":[61],"optimal.":[63],"analyze":[66],"Zadoff-Chu":[67],"sequences":[68],"composite":[70],"length":[71],"demonstrate":[73],"how":[74],"specific":[75],"root":[76,87],"selections":[77],"can":[78],"produce":[79],"undesirable":[80],"cross-correlation":[81],"peaks,":[82],"providing":[83],"guidance":[84],"for":[85,103],"safe":[86],"choices.":[88],"The":[89],"results":[90],"offer":[91],"a":[92],"unified,":[93],"implementation-oriented":[94],"view":[95],"existing":[97],"designs":[99],"practical":[101],"insights":[102],"synchronization":[104],"sequence":[105],"beyond-5G/6G":[108]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-02-20T00:00:00"}