{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309969801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc55196.2022.9952856","title":"State-of-the-Art Object Detectors for Vehicle, Pedestrian, and Traffic Sign Detection for Smart Parking Systems","display_name":"State-of-the-Art Object Detectors for Vehicle, Pedestrian, and Traffic Sign Detection for Smart Parking Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309969801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc55196.2022.9952856"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ictc55196.2022.9952856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc55196.2022.9952856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607740","display_name":"2022 13th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 13th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079719765","display_name":"Judith Nkechinyere Njoku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2294-9204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147194","display_name":"Convergence","ror":"https://ror.org/03kcznq08","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147194"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judith Nkechinyere Njoku","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT Convergence Research Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT Convergence Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028047132","display_name":"Goodness Oluchi Anyanwu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0304-4143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goodness Oluchi Anyanwu","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Korea","IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071428748","display_name":"Ikechi Saviour Igboanusi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikechi Saviour Igboanusi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Korea","IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078533150","display_name":"Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3614-2687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147194","display_name":"Convergence","ror":"https://ror.org/03kcznq08","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147194"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cosmas Ifeanyi Nwakanma","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT Convergence Research Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT Convergence Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100702253","display_name":"Jae\u2010Min Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6885-5185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae-Min Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Korea","IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102829948","display_name":"Dong\u2010Seong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2977-5964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Seong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Korea","IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2765,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61517888,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1585","last_page":"1590"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.8198334574699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7924363613128662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-detection","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","score":0.7508566975593567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign","display_name":"Traffic sign","score":0.5807719230651855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5600491762161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign-recognition","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","score":0.5509615540504456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.5174427628517151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5059751868247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.49782872200012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.4606494903564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.45456981658935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4489086866378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3524065613746643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35154974460601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3099202513694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12810716032981873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.08544179797172546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07092079520225525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.8198334574699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7924363613128662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780156472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2355550","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","level":3,"score":0.7508566975593567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983860417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170285","display_name":"Traffic sign","level":3,"score":0.5807719230651855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5600491762161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6528762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1574298","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","level":4,"score":0.5509615540504456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5174427628517151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5059751868247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.49782872200012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.4606494903564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45456981658935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4489086866378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3524065613746643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35154974460601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3099202513694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12810716032981873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.08544179797172546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07092079520225525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ictc55196.2022.9952856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc55196.2022.9952856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607740","display_name":"2022 13th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 13th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2082121351","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A 6A1A03024003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322349","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322349","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2789294806","https://openalex.org/W2895362126","https://openalex.org/W2897142180","https://openalex.org/W2897848176","https://openalex.org/W2910073136","https://openalex.org/W2940955785","https://openalex.org/W2943646482","https://openalex.org/W2955573317","https://openalex.org/W2999759184","https://openalex.org/W3109005283","https://openalex.org/W3118003871","https://openalex.org/W3167909309","https://openalex.org/W3186684398","https://openalex.org/W3196113476","https://openalex.org/W3211204716","https://openalex.org/W4213144250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2972620127","https://openalex.org/W4382897155","https://openalex.org/W2981141433","https://openalex.org/W4283820116","https://openalex.org/W4379231512","https://openalex.org/W4378699879","https://openalex.org/W3128164723","https://openalex.org/W4286647459","https://openalex.org/W2899819381","https://openalex.org/W2557202782"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,102],"meet":[1],"the":[2,104,141,145],"safety":[3],"requirements":[4],"of":[5,72,76,92,106,110],"pedestrians":[6],"and":[7,22,62,78,84,137],"other":[8,150],"vehicles":[9,14],"in":[10,36],"smart":[11],"parking":[12],"systems,":[13],"rely":[15],"heavily":[16],"on":[17,55,95],"visual":[18],"data":[19],"to":[20],"classify":[21],"detect":[23],"target":[24],"objects.":[25],"In":[26],"real-time,":[27],"deep":[28],"learning":[29],"(DL)-based":[30],"algorithms":[31],"have":[32,42,53],"shown":[33],"excellent":[34],"results":[35,124],"object":[37,47],"detection.":[38,65,87],"While":[39],"several":[40],"studies":[41],"thoroughly":[43],"investigated":[44],"various":[45],"DL-based":[46],"detection":[48,127],"methods,":[49],"only":[50],"a":[51,69,90,117],"few":[52],"focused":[54],"multi-detection,":[56,113],"encompassing":[57],"pedestrian":[58],"detection,":[59,61],"vehicle":[60],"traffic":[63,85],"sign":[64,86],"This":[66],"work":[67,115],"provided":[68,116],"comparative":[70],"analysis":[71],"six":[73],"independent":[74],"variants":[75],"Faster-RCNN":[77,142],"SSD":[79],"Models":[80],"for":[81,112,120],"pedestrians,":[82],"vehicles,":[83],"There":[88],"is":[89],"lack":[91],"comparison":[93],"leveraging":[94],"detailed":[96],"evaluation":[97],"metrics":[98],"among":[99],"existing":[100],"models.":[101,151],"address":[103],"issue":[105],"little":[107],"or":[108],"non-availability":[109],"datasets":[111],"this":[114],"mini":[118],"dataset":[119],"task":[121],"(TraPedesVeh).":[122],"Experimental":[123],"analyzed":[125],"using":[126],"accuracy,":[128],"average":[129,132],"precision":[130],"(AP),":[131],"recall":[133],"(AR),":[134],"training":[135],"time,":[136],"loss":[138],"show":[139],"that":[140],"model":[143],"with":[144],"Inception":[146],"backbone":[147],"outperformed":[148],"all":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-13T07:04:57.449891","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}